What's In My Jar

Zinc gluconate

In 129 skincare routines

Summary

Works for

Moisturizing
Anti-inflammatory
Anti-oxidation
Anti-aging
Evens skin tone
Anti-blemish
Exfoliation

Irritancy risk

2

Medium

Typically used to stabilize the product formulations. It is a salt of a polyhydroxy acid (PHA) and in larger concentrations, can help shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. It can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Might to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Could be helpful in neutralizing free radicals, but solid research is missing. Due to the zinc content, might help calm down inflammation in skin

Products with Zinc gluconate

L'Oréal Group - Serum Le Duo Dual Anti-Aging Serum for Wrinkles, Firmness & Radiance

L'Oréal Group Serum Le Duo Dual Anti-Aging Serum for Wrinkles, Firmness & Radiance

niacinamideascorbyl glucosidecapryloyl salicylic acid +27 actives

Anti-aging Moisturizing +3

FragranceAlcohol

Price unavailable

Cetaphil - DermaControl Oil Removing Foam Wash

Cetaphil DermaControl Oil Removing Foam Wash

glycerinzinc coceth sulfatezinc gluconate +4 actives

Cleansing

Fragrance

Price unavailable

La Prairie - Cellular Hydralift Firming Mask

La Prairie Cellular Hydralift Firming Mask

niacinamideacetyl tetrapeptide-11petrolatum +23 actives

Moisturizing Anti-aging

Fragrance

Price unavailable

Crème de la Mer - Genaissance de la Mer The Eye and Expression Cream

Crème de la Mer Genaissance de la Mer The Eye and Expression Cream

linoleic acidtetraacetylphytosphingosinepalmitoyl hexapeptide-12 +32 actives

Moisturizing Anti-aging +2

FragranceAlcohol

Price unavailable

Nip + Fab - Protein Fix Skin Longevity Hydramist 5%

Nip + Fab Protein Fix Skin Longevity Hydramist 5%

tripeptide-29panthenolmagnesium aspartate +5 actives

Moisturizing Anti-aging

Price unavailable

Murad UK - Clarifying Cream Cleanser

Murad UK Clarifying Cream Cleanser

salicylic acidAgran oilarginine +26 actives

Cleansing Anti-blemish +1

FragranceEssential oils

Price unavailable

La Roche-Posay - Cicaplast Gel B5 Skin Protectant

La Roche-Posay Cicaplast Gel B5 Skin Protectant

madecassosidepanthenolglycerin +5 actives

Moisturizing Anti-oxidation +1

Price unavailable

LANEIGE - Balance Mode Shine Control Weightless Moisturizer

LANEIGE Balance Mode Shine Control Weightless Moisturizer

madecassosideniacinamideacetyl tetrapeptide-11 +7 actives

Moisturizing Evens skin tone +3

Price unavailable

Lise Watier - Luminessence Dream Glow Night Cream

Lise Watier Luminessence Dream Glow Night Cream

niacinamidelactic acidpalmitoyl tetrapeptide-7 +19 actives

Moisturizing Anti-aging +3

Fragrance

Price unavailable

ELEMIS - Mini Pro-Collagen Anti Aging Marine Cream

ELEMIS Mini Pro-Collagen Anti Aging Marine Cream

lactobionic acidglycerinSunflower seed oil +4 actives

Anti-aging Moisturizing +3

Fragrance

Price unavailable

View all products

Scientific sources

Similar ingredients

Anti-aging

NICOTIANA BENTHAMIANA HEXAPEPTIDE-40 SH-POLYPEPTIDE-76A fusion peptide that combines peptides produced by human and plant cells. It might have anti-aging effect in skin and can help the skin moisturization NIACINAMIDE/YEAST POLYPEPTIDEA type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles NIACINAMIDEIs proven to be effective in reducing blemishes, evening out skin tone and helping to improve lines and wrinkles. It helps the skin to repair sun damage, calm down inflammation and keep maintain good levels of moisture COPPER HEPTAPEPTIDE-14 PANTOTHENATEA type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles COPPER PALMITOYL HEPTAPEPTIDE-14A synthetic peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles. Can help speed up wound healing RH-OLIGOPEPTIDE-33 BETA-GLUCANHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin, calm down inflammation and irritation, restore the barrier function and support wound healing. It can be helpful in reducing fine lines and wrinkles RH-OLIGOPEPTIDE-17 RETINYL RETINOATEA "hybrid" of retinol and retinoic acid. It is more stable than retinol and is likely to be more effective based on the early research data available. Is as irritating as retinol RETINYL PROPIONATEThree steps removed from the active form of vitamin A - retinoic acid. To have an effect in the skin, it first needs to be converted twice to become the retinoic acid. This means it is less potent than retinol, but could also be less irritating. Once converted to the retinoic acid in the skin, it helps against all signs of aging, improves skin cell turnover and helps fight blemishes and clogged pores, even thought its potency is not as well established as in case of retinol or retinaldehyde RETINYL PALMITATEThree steps removed from the active form of vitamin A - retinoic acid. To have an effect in the skin, it first needs to be converted twice to become the retinoic acid. This means it is less potent than retinol, but could also be less irritating. Once converted to the retinoic acid in the skin, it helps against all signs of aging, improves skin cell turnover and helps fight blemishes and clogged pores. However, in many cosmetic formulations, it is used in a concentration that is too low to have the full effect ACETYL OCTAPEPTIDE-3A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles RETINYL LINOLEATEAn ester of a retinoid and linoleic acid. Three steps removed from the bioactive form of retinoid, retinoic acid. Once converted to retinoic acid in skin, it can help reduce wrinkles, stimulate collagen production, even out skin tone and reduce blemishes. The concentrations used in cosmetic products are often not high enough to have a positive effect in skin. TRIPEPTIDE-13A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles RETINYL ACETATE RETINOLTwo steps removed from the active form of vitamin A - retinoic acid. Once converted to the retinoic acid in the skin, retinol is proven to be effective against all signs of aging. It improves skin cell turnover, helps fight blemishes and clogged pores, can regulate excess oil production and even skin tone. It can, however, be quite irritating RETINALOne step removed from the biologically active in skin form of vitamin A. Once converted to the retinoic acid in the skin, retinal is proven to be effective against all signs of aging. It improves skin cell turnover, helps fight blemishes and clogged pores, can regulate excess oil production and even skin tone. Concentrations of 0.05% and 0.1% are shown to be effective. It can, however, be irritating BIOTINOYL TRIPEPTIDE-1A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles RESVERATROLHelps neutralize free radicals in skin and might help reduce fine lines and wrinkles, as well as even out the skin tone BIS-RETINAMIDO METHYLPENTANE BIS-RETINOYL GEROTINE BIS-HYDROXYSUCCINIMIDE ACETYL SH-HEPTAPEPTIDE-1A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles ACETYL TETRAPEPTIDE-11A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles PRUNUS PERSICA LEAF EXTRACTMight be helpful in supporting collagen and ellastin production but solid research is lacking. Could be irritating TRIPEPTIDE-10 CITRULLINEA type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles TRIPEPTIDE-10 ACETYL TETRAPEPTIDE-15A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles ACETYL TETRAPEPTIDE-17A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles BUTYROSPERMUM PARKII BUTTERA great moisturising ingredient that softens the skin and reduces water loss from its upper layer. It also can be helpful in protecting skin from free radicals TRIPEPTIDE-1A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles ACETYL TETRAPEPTIDE-2A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles TRIFLUOROACETYL TRIPEPTIDE-2A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles PISUM SATIVUM PEPTIDE ACETYL TETRAPEPTIDE-3A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles TOCOTRIENOLSA type of vitamin E that is more powerful in neutralizing free radicals compared to its other forms PHYLLANTHUS EMBLICA FRUIT EXTRACTA plant extract that might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals and have a skin lightening effect if used in high enough concentrations ACETYL TETRAPEPTIDE-5A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles PHLORETINAn antioxidant. Can help neutralize free radicals in skin ACETYL TETRAPEPTIDE-9A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles TOCOPHEROLPure form of vitamin E. Can help moisturise and protect the skin from free radicals. Often used to help stabilise other ingredients or the formula itself THREONINEAn amino-acid that helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin. In combination with other amino-acids, might help to reduce fine lines and wrinkles ACETYL TYROSINAMIDEAn amino acid derivative. A manufacturer's study shows that it can help somewhat reduce wrinkles when used in combination with a low concentration of glycolic acid. No independent human in-vivo studies of this compound are available TretinoinBioavailable form of Vitamin A that is the most effective known topical ingredients for reducing wrinkles, improving skin firmness, treating acne, as well as hyperpigmentation. It is not available over-the counter in many countries, including US and UK ADAPALENEA retinoid that is effective against acne and keratosis pilaris. It can also help reduce signs of aging (fine lines, wrinkles, loss of elasticity) and can improve skin tone CAMELLIA SINENSIS CATECHINSA group of chemical compounds extracted from Green Tea. They can help neutralize free radicals in skin. Might be able to help repair sun damage and clam down inflammation in skin THIOCTIC ACID CAMELLIA SINENSIS LEAFGreen tea leaf powder that might contain antioxidants to help neutralize free radicals in skin 1-TRIMETHYL-2-CYCLOHEXENYL-1-PENTEN-3-ONE CAMELLIA SINENSIS LEAF EXTRACTCan contain potent anti-oxidant compounds (abbreviated ECG, GCG, EGC, and EGCG) that might help protect the skin from free radicals. Can help calm down inflammation and has some anti-bacterial properties. Unfortunately, these antioxidants are unstable and lose their effectiveness very quickly in products. The concentration of the antioxidant compounds in the extract also tends to be low to be effective in topical formulation 3-GLYCERYL ASCORBATEA moisturizing vitamin C derivative. It is considered to be one of the most stable ones. It is effective in neutralizing free radicals and can help to even out the skin tone if used in high enough concentration THERMUS THERMOPHILLUS FERMENTMight be helpful in neutralising free radicals in skin and have some hydration properties PENTAPEPTIDE-59 ADENOSINEMight help improve cell turnover and reduce inflammation in skin. One study shows that the ingredients might be able to stimulate collagen production in skin CAMELLIA SINENSIS SEED OILA plant oil that helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and can help restore the skin barrier. Might have some anti-oxidant effect OLIGOPEPTIDES PENTAPEPTIDE-48A type of peptide. Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have anti-aging benefits PENTAPEPTIDE-4A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles PENTAPEPTIDE-34 TRIFLUOROACETATEA type of peptide that works as a great moisturizer. It might also have some anti-aging effect and help neutralize free radicals in skin ADENOSINE PHOSPHATEMight help improve cell turnover and reduce inflammation in skin. One study shows that the ingredients might be able to stimulate collagen production in skin PENTAPEPTIDE-28 PENTAPEPTIDE-18A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles PANTOTHENIC ACID/YEAST POLYPEPTIDE PANTHENYL TRIACETATEA stable oil-soluble derivative of vitamin B5. It can help support skin barrier and reduce inflammation in skin CAPROOYL TETRAPEPTIDE-3A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles PALMITOYL TRIPEPTIDE-8 PALMITOYL TRIPEPTIDE-56A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles PALMITOYL TRIPEPTIDE-5A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles PALMITOYL TRIPEPTIDE-4A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE PALMITOYL TRIPEPTIDE-38A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles CARNOSINEA type of peptide. It attracts water to the upper layer of the skin. It can help neutralize free radicals in skin combatting the sun damage TETRAPEPTIDE-7A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles PALMITOYL TRIPEPTIDE-37 PALMITOYL TRIPEPTIDE-31A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles PALMITOYL TRIPEPTIDE-28 TETRAPEPTIDE-5A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles TETRAPEPTIDE-40A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles TETRAPEPTIDE-38A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles TETRAPEPTIDE-36A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles ALANYL GLUTAMINEA type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles PALMITOYL TRIPEPTIDE-1 ACETATE CENTELLA ASIATICA EXTRACTA plant extract that has been shown to be able to reduce inflammation in skin, support restoration of skin barrier function, as well as support collagen production. Contains active compounds called centelloids: asiaticoside, madecasosside, asiatic acid and madecassic acid. Might be helpful in preventing stretch marks. It can be itself be irritating though. PALMITOYL TRIPEPTIDE-1A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles PALMITOYL TETRAPEPTIDE-7A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles PALMITOYL TETRAPEPTIDE-50 CENTELLA ASIATICA LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that has been shown to be able to reduce inflammation in skin, support restoration of skin barrier function, as well as support collagen production. It can be irritating to sensitive skin. Might be helpful in preventing stretch marks. It could, however, itself be irritating.PALMITOYL SH-TRIPEPTIDE-5 NORISOLEUCYL SH-NONAPEPTIDE-1 PALMITOYL SH-TRIPEPTIDE-4 AMIDEA type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles PALMITOYL PROLINEAn amino-acid that helps attract watet to the upper layer of the skin and might have some anti-aging properties PALMITOYL PENTAPEPTIDE-4A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles PALMITOYL OLIGOPEPTIDEA type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles PALMITOYL HEXAPEPTIDE-52A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles PALMITOYL HEXAPEPTIDE-19A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles PALMITOYL HEXAPEPTIDE-14 PALMITOYL HEXAPEPTIDE-12A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles PALMITOYL HEPTAPEPTIDE-18 PALMITOYL DIPEPTIDE-5 DIAMINOBUTYROYL HYDROXYTHREONINE PALMITOYL DIPEPTIDE-28 D-SERINE DIPEPTIDE-7 PALMITAMIDE PALMITOYL DIPEPTIDE-10A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles PALMITOYL DECAPEPTIDE-21 OLIGOPEPTIDE-9 OLIGOPEPTIDE-68A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles OLIGOPEPTIDE-5A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles OLIGOPEPTIDE-41A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles OLIGOPEPTIDE-4A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles OLIGOPEPTIDE-35A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles HUMAN ADIPOSE DERIVED STEM CELL CONDITIONED MEDIAA stem cell extract. There is no evidence that it is effective when applied topically to the skin OLIGOPEPTIDE-34A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles OLIGOPEPTIDE-33A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles OLIGOPEPTIDE-32A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles OLIGOPEPTIDE-31A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles OLIGOPEPTIDE-30A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles OLIGOPEPTIDE-3A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles TETRAPEPTIDE-30 OLIGOPEPTIDE-24A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles OLIGOPEPTIDE-10A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles OLIGOPEPTIDE-1A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles 3-O-ETHYL ASCORBIC ACIDA vitamin C derivative that is more stable but less potent than pure form of vitamin C. Can help neutralize free radicals and help reduce hyperpigmentation, but the required concentration is likely to be much higher than for the pure form of vitamin C, limiting the ingredient's effectiveness in products CHRYSINMight be helpful in reducing fine lines and wrinkles, as well as lightening the skin, but solid evidence is missing. Could somewhat help in reducing the darkness of the under-eye area. Helps to neutralise free radicals in skin OLEOYL TETRAPEPTIDE-31A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles CIS-RETINOIC ACID OLEOYL DIPEPTIDE-15A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles TETRAPEPTIDE-23 OLEANOLIC ACIDMight be helpful against blemishes, work as an anti-oxidant, reduce inflammation and improve skin's ability to hold on to moisture, but more research is needed to confirm its effectiveness when applied topically to human skin TETRAPEPTIDE-21A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles TETRAPEPTIDE-14 TETRAHEXYLDECYL ASCORBATEBeing a lipid soluble form of vitamin C, it is more stable. It is claimed to penetrate skin better than pure vitamin C and have the the similar benefits, but solid studies of its effectiveness are lacking. Is likely to require a higher concentration in a product than pure vitamin C to be effective. OCTAPEPTIDE-7A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles OCTAPEPTIDE-2A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles NONAPEPTIDE-1A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles TETRADECYL AMINOBUTYROYLVALYLAMINOBUTYRIC UREA TRIFLUOROACETATEA peptide. It helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin, support skin's barrier function and might have some slight anti-aging effect through stimulating skin's own production of hyaluronic acid NICOTINOYL TRIPEPTIDE-1A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles NICOTIANA SYLVESTRIS LEAF CELL CULTUREHas been claimed to have an ability to protect collagen and stimulate its production in skin but further research is lacking so far COPPER GLUCONATETypically used to stabilize the product formulations. It is a salt of polyhydroxy acid (PHA) and in larger concentrations, can help shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. It can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Might to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Could be helpful in neutralizing free radicals, but solid research is missing ZINC PCAA compound that combines zinc with a hydrating ingredient PCA. Might to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Can help calm down inflammation in skin. Could be helpful in reducing the formation of free radicals in skin. Might help to reduce fine lines in wrinkles, but solid evidence is missing NICOTIANA BENTHAMIANA HEXAPEPTIDE-40 SH-OLIGOPEPTIDE-1A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles NIACINA form of vitamin B3. It is similar in action to niacinamide, but is more likely to cause red flashes in skin as the side effect COPPER TRIPEPTIDE-1A naturally occurring peptide. One of the most studied peptides in dermatology. It is sometimes abbreviated GHK-Cu. Belongs to the class of carrier peptides. It stimulates both synthesis and breakdown of collagen in skin. It is released in skin wounds and inflammation to support healing. It accelerates wound-healing of the skin and can stimulate hair growth. There are preliminary studies that confirm that copper tripeptide can help support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles and decrease inflammation in skin. N-PROLYL PALMITOYL TRIPEPTIDE-56 ACETATEA type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles CREATINECan support skin's ability to neutralize free radicals and produce collagen, though further research is needed to confirm effectiveness MYRISTOYL PENTAPEPTIDE-8A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles ACETYL CYCLOHEXAPEPTIDE-34A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles SODIUM SALICYLATEThe salt of salicylic acid. Helps exfoliate the upper layer of the skin. Can also work to preserve cosmetic products MYRISTOYL PENTAPEPTIDE-17A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles MYRISTOYL NONAPEPTIDE-3A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles SODIUM ASCORBYL PHOSPHATEA stable derivative of vitamin C. It is oil-soluble which means it is more likely to penetrate the skin compared to the pure form of vitamin C (which is water-soluble), but it is less bio-available and is way less effective in stimulating collagen and reducing wrinkles compared to the pure form of vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) and its other derivatives (for example, magnesium ascorbyl phosphate). At the same time, this vitamin C derivative has been shown in studies to be effective in reducing acne, blemishes and clogged pores. It is less irritating then the pure form of vitamin C MYRISTOYL HEXAPEPTIDE-16A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles CYCLOTETRAPEPTIDE-24 AMINOCYCLOHEXANE CARBOXYLATEA type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles MALTOBIONIC ACIDA polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that helps shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. Is genter than AHAs. In addition, it helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. It has been shown to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Might help reduce fine lines and wrinkles and improve skin tone with long-term application. Can help neutralize free radicals MAGNESIUM PALMITOYL GLUTAMATEAn amino acid that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Might be helpful against lines and wrinkles, but evidence of effectiveness is lacking ZINC PALMITOYL NONAPEPTIDE-14 MAGNESIUM ASCORBYL PHOSPHATEA derivative of vitamin C that is more stable, but less bioavailable than the pure form of vitamin C. It does not penetrate the skin well, but has been shown to convert to pure vitamin C once in skin. It can be helpful in stimulating collagen production and lightening the skin tone, but the required concentration is likely to be very high DECAPEPTIDE-1A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles MAGNESIUM ALUMINUM SILICATEMight be helpful in restoring skin barrier function and, when combined with zinc carbonate and malonic acid, reducing fine lines and wrinkles by stimulating elastin production. Also helps stabilize the product formulation DECAPEPTIDE-22A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles DECARBOXY CARNOSINE HCLMight be able to protect the skin from free radicals, but further evidence of effectiveness is needed MADECASSOSIDEAn antioxidant that is typically derived from plant Centella Asiatica. It can help neutralize free radicals in skin and support skin barrier function. It could, however, itself be irritating. It is often unstable in formulations LYSINEAn amino-acid that helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin. In combination with other amino-acids, might help to reduce fine lines and wrinkles LYCIUM BARBARUM FRUIT EXTRACTA plant extract that can help neutralize free radicals in skin and attract water to its upper layer DIMETHYLBUTANONE RETINOATE LAUROYL SH-OLIGOPEPTIDE-33A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles DIPALMITOYL HYDROXYPROLINEIs claimed to stimulate collagen and elastin production, as well as work as an anti-oxidant. There is however not enough evidence for its effectiveness AMINOBUTYRIC ACIDHas been shown to support wound healing and skin barrier function when used topically in rats. Is likely to be effective in supporting skin's hydration and barrier function, but research for human skin is missing. Might have some anti-aging properties but the research is missing DIPEPTIDE DIAMINOBUTYROYL BENZYLAMIDE DIACETATEA type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles LAMINARIA SACCHARINA EXTRACTA seaweed extract that contains sugars and can be helpful in attracting water to the upper layers of the skin if used in high enough concentrations DIPEPTIDE-1A type of peptide. Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have anti-aging benefits DIPEPTIDE-2A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles LACTOBIONIC ACIDA polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that helps shed dead cells from the surface of the skin revealing a smoother, more even skin. PHAs tend to be gentler on the skin compared to AHAs (for example, glycolic acid). It also has hydrating properties and helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. It can help calm down inflammation in skin and support restoration of the barrier function. It has an anti-oxidant effect as well. It can help reduce fine line, wrinkles and improve skin elasticity DIPEPTIDE-4A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles DIPEPTIDE-8A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles LACTIC ACIDAn exfoliating and moisturizing alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA). Typically causes less irritation than other AHAs, for example, glycolic acid. At high concentrations (about 15%), lactic acid can help reduce lines and wrinkles. Recent studies show that lactic acid can support the "good" bacteria living on skin's surface (healthy skin microbiom) ACETYL DECAPEPTIDE-3A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles AMINOPROPYL ASCORBYL PHOSPHATEA more stable but less potent derivative of vitamin C. It can help neautralize free radicals and even out the skin tone if used in high enough concentration (required levels are likely to be much higher than for pure vitamin C, and solid studies are lacking at the moment)ISOQUERCITRINAntioxidant that might help reduce free radicals and reduce melanin production, but more research is needed to understand if it is effective in skin ZINC CARBONATEMight be helpful in reducing fine lines in wrinkles, especially if combined with magnesium aluminum silicate and malonic acid ILEX PARAGUARIENSIS LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that can help neutralize free radicals in skin. Can contain fragrand compounds like linalool that can be irritating HYDROXYPINACOLONE RETINOATEA derivative of the most potent form of vitamin A, retinoic acid. The ingredient can be sold under name Granactive Retinoid. Note that if a skincare brand discloses the concentration of Granactive Retinoid in a product, the concentration refers to a diluted form of Hydroxypinacolone Retinoate: 1% of Granactive Retinoid corresponds to 0.1% of Hydroxypinacolone Retinoate. Hydroxypinacolone Retinoate (HPR) is a unique derivative of retinoic acid because it can directly work in the skin and does not require additional conversion steps. According to studies done by the manufacturer on models of human skin (not real people), this derivative is more effective than other cosmetic versions of retinoids (such as retinol, retinaldehyde, and retinyl palmitate), and, at the same time, causes less irritation. It has been also demonstrated to be more stable than retinol which makes formulating with easier and increases the chances that a product with it will maintain its effectiveness after opening. The packaging should still ideally be air-tight. HPR is available over the counter in the EU, UK, Asia, Australia and New Zealand, but is only with a prescription in Canada.ACETYL DIPEPTIDE-1 CETYL ESTERA type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATEA polyphenol found in tea. This particular compound abbreviated EGCG is the most powerful antioxidant among those extracted from tea (usually green tea). Unfortunately, EGCG is unstable, requires a low pH (below 4) to prevent quick degradation, and does not penetrate the skin very well. This is why the full anti-oxidant effect of EGCG is typically not realized when it is added to topical skincare HYDROXYDECYL UBIQUINOYL DIPALMITOYL GLYCERATEIdebenone complex. Helps neutralize free radicals in skin HYDROXYDECYL UBIQUINONEAn analogue of coenzyme Q10 that has a lower molecular weight, which can improve its ability to penetrate the skin. It helps neutralize free radicals in skin, improves skin hydration and might be helpful agains fine lines and wrinkles. It can be an allergen EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATYL GLUCOSIDEA synthetic version of green tea polyphenol that helps neutralize free radicals in skin ACETYL FARNESYLCYSTEINEA synthetic amino-acid that might help calm down inflammation in skin and reduce its irritation, but conclusive studies are not available at the moment. It can help to attract water to the upper layer of the skin and support skin barrier ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA EXTRACTPlant extract that might be helpful in repairing sun damage but evidence of effectiveness in skin are lacking ACETYL GLUCOSAMINEAn effective moisturizing ingredient that also has been shown to be effective in evening out the skin tone and reducing hyperpigmentation. It can help somewhat reduce wrinkles in skin ETHYL LACTYL RETINOATE HYALURONIC ACIDOne of the best moisturizing ingredients. Attracts water into the upper layer of the skin. Naturally present in skin. Typically has large molecule size unless advertised otherwise on the product label. Helps support skin's barrier function and may help to reduce inflammation HEXAPEPTIDE-9A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles SH-POLYPEPTIDE-9A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles HEXAPEPTIDE-48 HCLA type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles HEXAPEPTIDE-42A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles VITIS VINIFERA SEED EXTRACTA plant extract that contains resveratrol and other anti-oxidant compounds that can help neutralize free radicals, reduce inflammation in skin and even out its tone. Can be also used to stabilize the product formulation SH-POLYPEPTIDE-8A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles HEXAPEPTIDE-33A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles HEXAPEPTIDE-3A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles FERRIC HEXAPEPTIDE-35A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles HEXAPEPTIDE-2A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles SH-POLYPEPTIDE-7 FERULIC ACIDA potent anti-oxidant that has been shown to be effective in neutralizing free radicals in skin. There seem to have a synergetic effect of ferulic acid, vitamin E and C, meaning that when the ingredients are used together, they enhance each other's ability protect the skin against free radicals. Ferulic acid also helps to stabilize other ingredients - including vitamins C and E. It can help to even out the skin tone. Ferulic acid is approved for use as a sunscreen ingredient in Japan in concentrations up to 10% HEXAPEPTIDE-11A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles HEXANOYL DIPEPTIDE-3 NORLEUCINE ACETATEA type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles FERULOYL OLIGOPEPTIDE-33A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles ARGANIA SPINOSA SPROUT CELL EXTRACTPlant stem cell extract. Can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals FOLIC ACIDCan help stimulate collagen production in skin. While available studies are promising, more research is needed to confirm the efficacy in skin HEPTAPEPTIDE-15 PALMITATEA type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles SH-POLYPEPTIDE-59 SH-POLYPEPTIDE-45A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles GALACTOMYCES FERMENT FILTRATEA yeast ferment filtrate (also known as Pitera - a trademarked name for the filtrate reserved by the SK-II brand). It helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin, can help neutralize antioxidants and can be helpful in evening out the skin tone. It might be somewhat helpful in preventing premature skin aging but solid evidence is lacking. A small manufacturer study also shows that, when used in high concentrations, it can help reduce sebum production and help against blocked pores SH-POLYPEPTIDE-3A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles ARGININE PCAAn amino-acid. Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and can help neutralize free radicals in skin GARDENIA JASMINOIDES MERISTEM CELL CULTUREA stem cell extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin GLYCOLIC ACIDAn alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA) that helps to remove the dead skin cells on the surface of the skin reveling a more even, smoother complexation. It is also able to stimulate collagen production with long-term use. Could help to reduce pore congestion. It can be irritating to the skin. Apply sunscreen daily if using products with glycolic acid ARGININE/LYSINE POLYPEPTIDEA type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles GLYCINE SOJA SEED EXTRACTAn emollient that helps soften the skin. Might be somewhat helpful in evening the skin tone.GLYCINE SOJA PROTEINA plant extract that helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin and soften it. It might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals. It might be somewhat helpful for evening out the skin tone. It might be able to support elastin production but solid research is lacking GLUCONIC ACIDA polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that helps shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. Is believed to be genter than AHAs. It helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and can stimulate production of skin's own hyaluronic acid resulting in imporved hydration levels. It has been shown to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Might help reduce fine lines and wrinkles and improve skin tone with long-term application. Can help neutralize free radicals GLUTAMYLAMIDOETHYL IMIDAZOLEA peptide that is claimed to be helpful in supporting vitamin D production in skin but evidence is lacking SH-POLYPEPTIDE-22A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles GLUCONOLACTONEA polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that helps shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. Is believed to be genter than AHAs. It helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and can stimulate production of skin's own hyaluronic acid resulting in improved hydration levels. It has been shown to be helpful against acne and clogged pores if used consistently (e.g over a period of 12 weeks) in high enough concentration. It can help reduce fine lines and wrinkles and improve skin tone with long-term application. Can help neutralize free radicals ACETYL HEPTAPEPTIDE-9A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles SH-POLYPEPTIDE-2A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles ACETYL HEXAPEPTIDE-1A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles VALPROOYL OLIGOPEPTIDE-33 SH-POLYPEPTIDE-17A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles ACETYL HEXAPEPTIDE-30A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles ASCORBIC ACIDThe most well-researched antioxidant that works in skin. Helps neutralize free radicals supporting collagen production, helping to even out the skin tone and preventing early signs of aging SH-POLYPEPTIDE-16A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles ASCORBIC ACID POLYPEPTIDEA type of peptide. Might help neutralize free radicals in skin. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles SH-POLYPEPTIDE-11A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles SH-POLYPEPTIDE-1A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles ACETYL HEXAPEPTIDE-37A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles ASCORBYL GLUCOSIDEA vitamin C derivative that is more stable but less potent than pure form of vitamin C. Has a potential to boost collagen production, nutralise free radicals and reduce hyperpigmentation, but the required concentration is likely to be much higher than for the pure form of vitamin C, limiting the ingredient's effectiveness in products ASCORBYL RETINOATE SH-PENTAPEPTIDE-19 ASCORBYL TETRAISOPALMITATEA vitamin C derivative. Studies show that is might be effective in reducing hyperpigmentation, but there are no studies confirming that it is effectively converted into the bioavailable form of Vitamin C in skin. It is not clear how this derivative compares in effectiveness to the topical application of bioavailable form of vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) SH-OLIGOPEPTIDE-9A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles ACETYL HEXAPEPTIDE-38 ASIATICOSIDEAn active compound of Centella Asiatica plant extract. In combination with other active compounds of Centella Asiatica extract (madecasosside, asiatic acid and madecassic acid), asiaticoside has been shown to be helpful in wound-healing, restoring skin barrier function and supporting collagen production in skin. It can, however, itself be irritating SH-OLIGOPEPTIDE-33 URSOLIC ACID ACETYL HEXAPEPTIDE-49 SH-OLIGOPEPTIDE-2A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles ASPARTIC ACIDAn amino-acid that helps increase skin hydration and might help to slightly improve skin firmness, potentially reducing lines and wrinkles SH-OLIGOPEPTIDE-1A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles UBIQUINONECoenzyme Q10. It helps neutralize free radicals in skin, improves skin hydration and might be helpful agains fine lines and wrinkles. It can be an allergen ASTAXANTHINHelps neutralize free radicals in skin and might help to calm down inflammation TROLOXOYL OLIGOPEPTIDE-33 SH-OCTAPEPTIDE-4A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles ATELOCOLLAGENA protein that helps to attract moisture to the upper layer of the skin and might be helpful in reducing fine lines and wrinkles SH-DECAPEPTIDE-7A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles ACETYL HEXAPEPTIDE-7A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles SERINEAn amino-acid that helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin. In combination with other amino-acids, might help to reduce fine lines and wrinkles ACETYL HEXAPEPTIDE-8A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles AZELAOYL BIS-DIPEPTIDE-10A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles SALICYLOYL PHYTOSPHINGOSINEHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Might have anti-aging benefits but solid study data is lacking TRIPEPTIDE-32A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles BAKUCHIOLA plant extract that is, though different in chemical structure, acts similar to retinoids. First studies show that it can help reduce fine lines and wrinkles, improve skin tone, reduce clogged pores and blemishes, and reduce inflammation. There is no conclusive evidence that bakuchiol is as effective as retinol however. The study that directly compared retinol with bakuchiol used bakuchiol applied twice daily compared to once per day for the retinol. According to this study, bakuchiol is less irritating than retinol. Bakuchiol is extracted from seeds of Babchi plant. Other parts of the plant contain coumarins that could cause allergic and irritant reactions. These compounds should be removed in the extraction process when bakuchiol is produced, but it is a good idea to be cautious and stay away from products that include the Babchi plant extracts other than purified bakuchiol to avoid irritation TRIPEPTIDE-3 BARLEY SH-OLIGOPEPTIDE-1 SACCHAROMYCES POLYPEPTIDES RHAMNOSEHelps oil and water mix together. It also helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin TRIPEPTIDE-29

Anti-inflammatory

NIACINAMIDEIs proven to be effective in reducing blemishes, evening out skin tone and helping to improve lines and wrinkles. It helps the skin to repair sun damage, calm down inflammation and keep maintain good levels of moisture CHLORELLA VULGARIS EXTRACTA plant extract that can help to attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have some anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties GLOBULARIA CORDIFOLIA CALLUS CULTURE EXTRACTAn extract from plant stem cells that might help calm down inflammation in skin NARINGENINA flavanoid that can be found in high concentrations in grapefruits, oranges, other citrus fruits, and tomato skin. Early studies suggest that it might be able to help reduce inflammation in skin and neutralize free radicals TAURINECould be helpful in reducing inflammation in skin, evening out the skin tone and neutralizing free radicals, but more research is needed to confirm its effectiveness TANACETUM ANNUUM FLOWER OILAn essential oil that has anti-inflammatory properties but also contains irritating compounds CENTELLA ASIATICA LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that has been shown to be able to reduce inflammation in skin, support restoration of skin barrier function, as well as support collagen production. It can be irritating to sensitive skin. Might be helpful in preventing stretch marks. It could, however, itself be irritating.TAMARINDUS INDICA EXTRACTA plant extract that might have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect in skin but solid evidence is lacking ALLANTOINHelps calm down inflammation in skin and can help reduce itching. Helps to repair the skin barrier and keep skin hydrated ALBIZIA JULIBRISSIN BRANCH/LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that might help to neutralize free radicals in skin. Is claimed to help reduce hyperpigmentation but evidence is missing SWERTIA CHIRATA EXTRACTA plant extract that can have an anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory effect, but evidence of effectiveness is lacking ZINC PYRITHIONEMight be helpful in calming down inflammation and restoring skin barrier function SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASEAn antioxidant enzyme that is naturally present in skin. It can help support skin barrier function and reduce inflammation in skin. It is used in topical medications for inflammatory skin conditions including atopic dermatitis (eczema) and psoriasis. There are three types of natural Superoxide Dismutase in human skin. The compound used in topical treatments and cosmetics are mimics of typically one of these natural variants CERAMIDE 1A type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin SPIRAEA ULMARIA FLOWER EXTRACTMight have some anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Can be irritating SPILANTHES ACMELLA FLOWER EXTRACTPlant extract that might hep calm down inflammation in skin OLEANOLIC ACIDMight be helpful against blemishes, work as an anti-oxidant, reduce inflammation and improve skin's ability to hold on to moisture, but more research is needed to confirm its effectiveness when applied topically to human skin CAPROOYL PHYTOSPHINGOSINEA component of ceramides. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin CUCUMIS SATIVUS OILA plant oil that works as a great moisturizer by softening the upper layer of the skin. Due to the high linoleic acid content, can help reduce inflammation in skin COMMIPHORA MUKUL RESIN EXTRACTA plant extract might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals and reducing inflammation in skin VIOLA TRICOLOR EXTRACTA plant extract that might have an anti-inflammatory effect in skin CURCUMA LONGA ROOT EXTRACTA plant extract that can contain an active compound curcumin, that may have some anti-inflammatory properties when applied to the skin, but solid research is lacking and the typical concentration used in skincare products is too low. Can be an irritant ARTEMISIA VULGARIS EXTRACTA plant extract that might have some anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. It can be irritating CYANOCOBALAMINCan support skin barrier function and reduce inflammation in skin MICROCOCCUS LYSATEConsists of remains of dead bacteria cells. Is likely helpful in attracting water to the upper layer of the skin. Might be helpful in reducing inflammation and neutralizing free radicals in skin. It is claimed to be a "DNA repair enzyme"MALVA SYLVESTRIS LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that might help in reducing inflammation BISABOLOLAn active component of chamomile plant that historically has been used to calm down irritated skin. A recent study shows that bisabolol indeed can have some anti-inflammatory effect on skin, even though conclusive data is lacking. Bisabolol has a sweet floral scent and can be added to products for its aromatic properties CAPROOYL SPHINGOSINEA component of ceramides. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin BOERHAVIA DIFFUSA ROOT EXTRACTA plant extract that might help reduce inflammation and neutralize free radicals PANTETHINEHelps to hydrate the skin by improving its barrier funciton MAGNESIUM ASPARTATEMight be helpful in restoring skin barrier function and calm down inflammation in skin ALTHAEA ROSEA ROOT EXTRACTA plant extract that has some anti-inflammatory properties, can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and is also used to thicken the product formulations PANAX GINSENG ROOT EXTRACTA plant extract that might have some anti-inflammatory properties, but solid evidence is lacking. It can be irritating BORAGO OFFICINALIS SEED OILA plant oil that is effective in reducing irritation in skin, restore the barrier function and support its hydration BRASSICA OLERACEA CAPITATA LEAF EXTRACTPlant extract that might help calm down inflammation and have some anti-oxidant properties VACCINIUM MACROCARPON SEED OILA plant oil that can help neutralize free radicals, soften the upper layer of the skin, and support skin's barrier function CERAMIDE 2A type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin SNAIL SECRETION FILTRATETypically contains hyaluronic acid that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Might contain allantoin that is helpful in calming down inflammation. There is no evidence that it can have any further benefits for the skin, especially when used in skincare products ZINC PCAA compound that combines zinc with a hydrating ingredient PCA. Might to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Can help calm down inflammation in skin. Could be helpful in reducing the formation of free radicals in skin. Might help to reduce fine lines in wrinkles, but solid evidence is missing CERAMIDE 3A type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin BUDDLEJA OFFICINALIS FLOWER EXTRACTA plant flower extract that might help calm down inflammation in skin and neutralize free radicals, but evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking LINOLENIC ACIDAn emollient that helps soften the skin and calm down inflammation LEONTOPODIUM ALPINUM CALLUS CULTURE EXTRACTA plant stem cell extract that might help neutralize free radicals and reduce inflammation in skin LAVANDULA OFFICINALIS FLOWER OILAm essential oil that is used as a fragrance COLLOIDAL OATMEALHelps to restore skin barrier function, soften the upper layer of the skin and calm down inflammation AMINOBUTYRIC ACIDHas been shown to support wound healing and skin barrier function when used topically in rats. Is likely to be effective in supporting skin's hydration and barrier function, but research for human skin is missing. Might have some anti-aging properties but the research is missing CETYLHYDROXYPROLINE PALMITAMIDEA type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin URSOLIC ACID PRUNUS ARMENIACA FRUIT EXTRACTA fruit extract that might have some antioxidant properties and might help attract water to the skin, but evidence of effectiveness is lacking ASIATIC ACIDAn active compound of Centella Asiatica plant extract. In combination with other active compounds of Centella Asiatica extract (asiaticoside, madecasosside and madecassic acid) asiatic acid has been shown to be helpful in wound-healing, restoring skin barrier function and supporting collagen production in skin. It can, however, itself be irritating POTASSIUM AZELOYL DIGLYCINATEA derivative of azelaic acid. It is obtained by reacting the chloride of azelaic acid with two molecules of glycine (an amino acid) and potassium hydroxide. It is less studied than azelaic acid, but the available research suggests that it also can be effective in reducing skin redness, hyperpigmentation and blemishes. There are claims that it is more bio-available and more effective than azelaic acid, but no comparison study is available. Potassium azeloyl diglycinate is better soluble in water compared with azelaic acid. Because of this property, products with potassium azeloyl digclycinate can have a nicer texture LACTOCOCCUS FERMENT LYSATEConsists of remains of dead bacteria cells. Is likely helpful in attracting water to the upper layer of the skin. Might be helpful in reducing inflammation and neutralizing free radicals in skin ADENOSINE PHOSPHATEMight help improve cell turnover and reduce inflammation in skin. One study shows that the ingredients might be able to stimulate collagen production in skin POLYGONUM AVICULARE EXTRACTA plant extract that contains a flavanol Juglanin. It can help neutralize free radicals in skin and reduce inflammation PLANTAGO LANCEOLATA LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that might have anti-oxidant properties CHAMOMILLA RECUTITA EXTRACTPlant extract that can have healing and anti-inflammatory properties. It is a potential allergen and can be irritating LACTOBIONIC ACIDA polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that helps shed dead cells from the surface of the skin revealing a smoother, more even skin. PHAs tend to be gentler on the skin compared to AHAs (for example, glycolic acid). It also has hydrating properties and helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. It can help calm down inflammation in skin and support restoration of the barrier function. It has an anti-oxidant effect as well. It can help reduce fine line, wrinkles and improve skin elasticity CARDIOSPERMUM HALICACABUM FLOWER/LEAF/VINE EXTRACTA plant extract that might have some anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties but evidence is missing LACTOBACILLUS/PORTULACA OLERACEA FERMENT EXTRACTObtained from fermenting a plant extract with bacteria Lactobacillus. The resulting compound might be able to calm down inflammation and have some anti-oxidant properties, but solid evidence is missing LACTOBACILLUS FERMENTA fermentation product created by bacteria Lactobacillus. The fermented product has anti-bacterial properties and might be helpful in calming down inflammation, but studies are lacking. Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Can be used as a preservative DIPOTASSIUM GLYCYRRHIZATEA salt derived from licorice. Works as an emollient to soften the upper layer of the skin and can help calm down inflammation. Might be helpful for skin lightening CERAMIDE 6 IIA type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin CHAMOMILLA RECUTITA FLOWER EXTRACTPlant extract that can have healing and anti-inflammatory properties. It is a potential allergen and can be irritating PHYTOSPHINGOSINEA type of lipid that is naturally present in skin. It might help in repairing skin barrier function and has anti-bacterial effect SISYMBRIUM IRIO SEED OILA plant oil that helps soften the upper layer of the skin. Could help reduce inflammation due to high content of linolenic acid ROSA CANINA SEED OILA plant oil that helps soften the upper layer of the skin. It might have anti-oxidant properties. Might help reduce inflammation in skin and help against blemishes ECHIUM PLANTAGINEUM SEED OILA plant oil that because of its high content of alpha-linolenic acid help support skin barrier function and moisturize the skin COLLOIDAL OATMEAL EXTRACTHelps to restore skin barrier function, soften the upper layer of the skin and calm down inflammation ECLIPTA PROSTRATA EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin. It can be irritating IMPERATA CYLINDRICA ROOT EXTRACTA plat extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin and attract water to its upper layer ASTAXANTHINHelps neutralize free radicals in skin and might help to calm down inflammation ACETYL DIPEPTIDE-1 CETYL ESTERA type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles CALENDULA OFFICINALIS FLOWER SILYBUM MARIANUM EXTRACTMight be able to help neutralize free radical, calm down inflammation in skin, and even skin tone HYDROXYPHENYL PROPAMIDOBENZOIC ACIDMight help to reduce inflammation in skin, but solid research is lacking HYDROXYPALMITOYL SPHINGANINEA type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin CALENDULA OFFICINALIS FLOWER OILA plant oil that might have an antibacterial and some antioxidant effect. Is a common allergen and irritant ENANTIA CHLORANTHA BARK EXTRACTA bark extract that might help clam down inflammation and neutralize free radicals , but evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking ZINC ASPARTATECan help reduce acne and blemishes and reduce inflammation in skin TOCOPHEROLPure form of vitamin E. Can help moisturise and protect the skin from free radicals. Often used to help stabilise other ingredients or the formula itself CERAMIDE APA type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin AVENA SATIVA KERNEL EXTRACTAn effective moisturizing and skin barrier repair ingredient. Helps calm down inflammation and has some anti-oxidant properties ANTHEMIS NOBILIS FLOWER EXTRACTA plant extract that one one hand, can contain compounds that can help calm down skin irritation, but, on the other hand, its other compounds (especially fragrant ones) can themselves be irritating OENOTHERA BIENNIS OILHelps soften the upper layer of the skin and can support skin barrier function SIGESBECKIA ORIENTALIS EXTRACTA plant extract that can contain an anti-inflammatory compound CERAMIDE ASA type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin YEAST EXTRACTHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have some anti-oxidant and skin lightening properties. It can help calm down inflammation in skin SEA WHIP EXTRACTMight help neutrlize free radicals, calm down inflammation, and attract water to the upper layer of the skin HYDROLYZED GINSENG SAPONINSPlant extract that might help calm down inflammation in skin and neutralize free radicals, but effectiveness of topical application is not confirmed. Can be an allergen SCUTELLARIA BAICALENSIS ROOT EXTRACTA plant extract that might contain a compound baicalin that could be helpful in neutralizing free radicals and reducing inflammation in skin. The baicalin concentration in skincare products is often too low for an effective action. Can be used for its fragrant properties SAURURUS CHINENSIS EXTRACTPlant extract that might have some anti-inflammatory properties ALBIZIA JULIBRISSIN SEED EXTRACTA plant extract that might help to neutralize free radicals in skin. Is claimed to help reduce hyperpigmentation but evidence is missing HYALURONIC ACIDOne of the best moisturizing ingredients. Attracts water into the upper layer of the skin. Naturally present in skin. Typically has large molecule size unless advertised otherwise on the product label. Helps support skin's barrier function and may help to reduce inflammation SAMBUCUS NIGRA FLOWER EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin ETHYL LINOLEATEHelps reduce acne and blemishes. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and reduce inflammation. Might be helpful in reducing hyperpigmentation and evening out the skin tone, but evidence of effectiveness in skin are lacking SALIX ALBA BARK EXTRACTA plant extract that can help neutralize free radicals in skin. It contains a compound salicin that can theoretically be converted into salicylic acid that, in turn, helps reduce inflammation in skin, but the evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking and the extract is usually not used in a concentration that would enable an exfoliating effect CERAMIDE EOPA type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin CAMELLIA OLEIFERA LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that can help neutralize free radicals and reduce inflammation, even though it is not usually used in sufficient concentration in cosmetics PHELLODENDRON AMURENSE BARK EXTRACTA plant extract that might have an anti-inflammatory effect ALBIZIA JULIBRISSIN BARK EXTRACTA plant extract that might help to neutralize free radicals in skin. Is claimed to help reduce hyperpigmentation but evidence is missing CENTAUREA CYANUS FLOWER EXTRACTA plant extract that might have antibacterial effect and help neutralize free radicals SALICYLIC ACIDUsed for skin exfoliation. It has an anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial effect, helps to unclog pores, prevent blemishes and speed up healing of the existing ones. Sometimes referred to as a BHA (beta-hydroxy acid)SALICYLAMIDEUsed for anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties. Can help reduce inflammation in skin. If used in higher concentrations, works to exfoliate the skin BAKUCHIOLA plant extract that is, though different in chemical structure, acts similar to retinoids. First studies show that it can help reduce fine lines and wrinkles, improve skin tone, reduce clogged pores and blemishes, and reduce inflammation. There is no conclusive evidence that bakuchiol is as effective as retinol however. The study that directly compared retinol with bakuchiol used bakuchiol applied twice daily compared to once per day for the retinol. According to this study, bakuchiol is less irritating than retinol. Bakuchiol is extracted from seeds of Babchi plant. Other parts of the plant contain coumarins that could cause allergic and irritant reactions. These compounds should be removed in the extraction process when bakuchiol is produced, but it is a good idea to be cautious and stay away from products that include the Babchi plant extracts other than purified bakuchiol to avoid irritation SACCHAROMYCES/IMPERATA CYLINDRICA ROOT FERMENT EXTRACTYeast extract obtained from a plant root (cogon grass). It works as an excellent humectant attracting water to the upper layer of the skin. Can have some anti-inflammatory effect CAMELLIA SINENSIS CATECHINSA group of chemical compounds extracted from Green Tea. They can help neutralize free radicals in skin. Might be able to help repair sun damage and clam down inflammation in skin FERULIC ACIDA potent anti-oxidant that has been shown to be effective in neutralizing free radicals in skin. There seem to have a synergetic effect of ferulic acid, vitamin E and C, meaning that when the ingredients are used together, they enhance each other's ability protect the skin against free radicals. Ferulic acid also helps to stabilize other ingredients - including vitamins C and E. It can help to even out the skin tone. Ferulic acid is approved for use as a sunscreen ingredient in Japan in concentrations up to 10% CERAMIDE EOSA type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin RICINUS COMMUNIS SEED OILA plant oil that can help soften the skin. It might be helpful in calming down inflammation, but solid research is lacking. Is often used in lip products to create the needed product consistency CENTAURIUM ERYTHRAEA EXTRACTA plant extract that can help calm down inflammation in skin ORBIGNYA OLEIFERA SEED OILA plant oil that can help soften the upper layer of the skin. Might be helpful in calming down inflammation in skin CENTELLA ASIATICA EXTRACTA plant extract that has been shown to be able to reduce inflammation in skin, support restoration of skin barrier function, as well as support collagen production. Contains active compounds called centelloids: asiaticoside, madecasosside, asiatic acid and madecassic acid. Might be helpful in preventing stretch marks. It can be itself be irritating though. VITIS VINIFERA SEED EXTRACTA plant extract that contains resveratrol and other anti-oxidant compounds that can help neutralize free radicals, reduce inflammation in skin and even out its tone. Can be also used to stabilize the product formulation BETA-GLUCANHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin, calm down inflammation and irritation, restore the barrier function and support wound healing. It can be helpful in reducing fine lines and wrinkles CERAMIDE NGA type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin HAMAMELIS VIRGINIANA WATERA plant extract that can help calm down inflammation in skin. Can, however, itself be irritating HAMAMELIS VIRGINIANA LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that can help calm down inflammation in skin. Can, however, itself be irritating HydrocortisoneA medical ingredient, corticosteroid. Can reduce swelling, itching, redness in inflammatory skin conditions. Consult a doctor if you require a long-term use HAMAMELIS VIRGINIANA EXTRACTA plant extract that can help calm down inflammation in skin. Can, however, itself be irritating HAMAMELIS VIRGINIANA BARK/LEAF/TWIG EXTRACTA plant extract that can help calm down inflammation in skin. Can, however, itself be irritating OLEIC ACIDHelps soften the upper layer of the skin. At the same time, it can weaken the skin's barrier enhancing penetration of other ingredients and increasing the risk of skin dryness CERAMIDE NPA type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA ROOT EXTRACTA plant extract that can help lighten the skin and calm down inflammation. Might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that can be effective for calming down inflammation and lightening the skin, but the effectivenss in products can vary significantly based on the extract quality and concentration used GLYCYRRHETINIC ACIDActive compound of licorice root. Works to calm down inflammation, as an anti-oxidant, and might be helpful in lightening the skin and reducing hyperpigmentation VISCUM ALBUM LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that has anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial properties and might help neutralize free radicals in skin, but solid research is lacking CENTELLA ASIATICA FLOWER/LEAF/STEM EXTRACTA plant extract that has been shown to be able to reduce inflammation in skin, support restoration of skin barrier function, as well as support collagen production. Contains active compounds called centelloids: asiaticoside, madecasosside, asiatic acid and madecassic acid. Might be helpful in preventing stretch marks. It can be itself be irritating though. ALBIZIA JULIBRISSIN BARK/SEED EXTRACTA plant extract that might help to neutralize free radicals in skin. Is claimed to help reduce hyperpigmentation but evidence is missing CENTELLA ASIATICA LEAF CELL EXTRACTA plant extract that has been shown to be able to reduce inflammation in skin, support restoration of skin barrier function, as well as support collagen production. It can be irritating to sensitive skin. Might be helpful in preventing stretch marks. It could, however, itself be irritating.GINKGO BILOBA LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals and reduce inflammation in skin. It can be irritating CERAMIDE NSA type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin

Anti-oxidation

HUMAN ADIPOSE DERIVED STEM CELL CONDITIONED MEDIAA stem cell extract. There is no evidence that it is effective when applied topically to the skin 3-GLYCERYL ASCORBATEA moisturizing vitamin C derivative. It is considered to be one of the most stable ones. It is effective in neutralizing free radicals and can help to even out the skin tone if used in high enough concentration 3-O-ETHYL ASCORBIC ACIDA vitamin C derivative that is more stable but less potent than pure form of vitamin C. Can help neutralize free radicals and help reduce hyperpigmentation, but the required concentration is likely to be much higher than for the pure form of vitamin C, limiting the ingredient's effectiveness in products ACANTHOPANAX SENTICOSUS ROOT EXTRACTA plant extract that might have antioxidant properties ACETYL TYROSINAMIDEAn amino acid derivative. A manufacturer's study shows that it can help somewhat reduce wrinkles when used in combination with a low concentration of glycolic acid. No independent human in-vivo studies of this compound are available ACETYL ZINGERONEHelps neutralize free radicals ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM EXTRACTPlant extract that can help neutralize free radicals in skin. Can be used as a fragrance. Can be irritating ACTINIDIA CHINENSIS FRUIT EXTRACTA plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant properties, but evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking ADENOSINEMight help improve cell turnover and reduce inflammation in skin. One study shows that the ingredients might be able to stimulate collagen production in skin AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM SEED EXTRACTPlant extract. Might have some anti-oxidant properties. Can be irritating ALARIA ESCULENTA EXTRACTWorks as a humectant helping to attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might be effective as an anti-oxidant. ALBIZIA JULIBRISSIN BARK EXTRACTA plant extract that might help to neutralize free radicals in skin. Is claimed to help reduce hyperpigmentation but evidence is missing ALBIZIA JULIBRISSIN BARK/SEED EXTRACTA plant extract that might help to neutralize free radicals in skin. Is claimed to help reduce hyperpigmentation but evidence is missing ALBIZIA JULIBRISSIN BRANCH/LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that might help to neutralize free radicals in skin. Is claimed to help reduce hyperpigmentation but evidence is missing ALBIZIA JULIBRISSIN SEED EXTRACTA plant extract that might help to neutralize free radicals in skin. Is claimed to help reduce hyperpigmentation but evidence is missing ALCHEMILLA VULGARIS EXTRACTA plant extract that has astringent properties. In other words, it might be able to interact with keratin in the uppermost layer of the skin to reduce swelling and create a temporal tightening effect. It can be irritating ALOE BARBADENSIS FLOWER EXTRACTA plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant effect ALTHAEA OFFICINALIS ROOT EXTRACTA plant extract that can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might help to reduce inflammation AMINOPROPYL ASCORBYL PHOSPHATEA more stable but less potent derivative of vitamin C. It can help neautralize free radicals and even out the skin tone if used in high enough concentration (required levels are likely to be much higher than for pure vitamin C, and solid studies are lacking at the moment)ANEMARRHENA ASPHODELOIDES ROOT EXTRACTA plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant properties ANGELICA KEISKEI LEAF/STEM EXTRACTA fragrant plant extract. Might have some anti-oxidant properties. Can be irritating ANNONA CHERIMOLA FRUIT EXTRACTA fruit extract that might have an anti-oxidant effect in skin ANOGEISSUS LEIOCARPUS BARK EXTRACTA tree bark extract that has antibacterial properties and might have an anti-oxidant effect. Its effectiveness in skin has not been studied APHANIZOMENON FLOS-AQUAE EXTRACTAn extract from ablue-green algae. Can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might help to neutralize free radicals APIUM GRAVEOLENS SEED EXTRACT ARBUTINBeta-arbutin. Can help to reduce hyperpigmentation and has an anti-oxidant effect when used in high enough concentration. Is less effective compared to alpha-arbutin ARCTIUM LAPPA ROOT EXTRACTPlant extract. Has some anti-microbial and anti-oxidant properties. Can be irritating ARGANIA SPINOSA SPROUT CELL EXTRACTPlant stem cell extract. Can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals ARGININE PCAAn amino-acid. Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and can help neutralize free radicals in skin ARISTOTELIA CHILENSIS FRUIT EXTRACTA plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant properties. Can be used as a fragrance ARTEMIA EXTRACTZooplankton extract that can attract water to the upper level of the skin and might have some anti-oxidant effect ARTEMISIA VULGARIS EXTRACTA plant extract that might have some anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. It can be irritating ASCOPHYLLUM NODOSUM EXTRACTBrown seaweed extract. Can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have some antioxidant effect ASCORBIC ACIDThe most well-researched antioxidant that works in skin. Helps neutralize free radicals supporting collagen production, helping to even out the skin tone and preventing early signs of aging ASCORBIC ACID POLYPEPTIDEA type of peptide. Might help neutralize free radicals in skin. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles ASCORBYL GLUCOSIDEA vitamin C derivative that is more stable but less potent than pure form of vitamin C. Has a potential to boost collagen production, nutralise free radicals and reduce hyperpigmentation, but the required concentration is likely to be much higher than for the pure form of vitamin C, limiting the ingredient's effectiveness in products ASCORBYL TETRAISOPALMITATEA vitamin C derivative. Studies show that is might be effective in reducing hyperpigmentation, but there are no studies confirming that it is effectively converted into the bioavailable form of Vitamin C in skin. It is not clear how this derivative compares in effectiveness to the topical application of bioavailable form of vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) ASIATICOSIDEAn active compound of Centella Asiatica plant extract. In combination with other active compounds of Centella Asiatica extract (madecasosside, asiatic acid and madecassic acid), asiaticoside has been shown to be helpful in wound-healing, restoring skin barrier function and supporting collagen production in skin. It can, however, itself be irritating ASPALATHUS LINEARIS LEAF EXTRACTPlant extract that might have help to neutralize free radicals in skin, but evidence of effectiveness is skin is lacking ASPARAGOPSIS ARMATA EXTRACTRed seaweed extract. Can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have some antioxidant effect ASPERGILLUS FERMENTAn extract from fungus (mold) that typically appears on rice. It can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin, might help neutralize free radicals and possibly somewhat reduce hyperpigmentation ASTAXANTHINHelps neutralize free radicals in skin and might help to calm down inflammation AVENA SATIVA KERNEL EXTRACTAn effective moisturizing and skin barrier repair ingredient. Helps calm down inflammation and has some anti-oxidant properties AZELAIC ACIDIs produced by a yeast that lives on normal human skin. It is used in medicine as a topical treatment for mild to moderate acne. It has a mild exfoliating effect. It can also help reduce hyperpigmentation, helps calm down inflammation and can help neutralize free radicals BACKHOUSIA CITRIODORA LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract used mostly as a fragrance. Can have some anti-microbial and anti-oxidant properties BAKUCHIOLA plant extract that is, though different in chemical structure, acts similar to retinoids. First studies show that it can help reduce fine lines and wrinkles, improve skin tone, reduce clogged pores and blemishes, and reduce inflammation. There is no conclusive evidence that bakuchiol is as effective as retinol however. The study that directly compared retinol with bakuchiol used bakuchiol applied twice daily compared to once per day for the retinol. According to this study, bakuchiol is less irritating than retinol. Bakuchiol is extracted from seeds of Babchi plant. Other parts of the plant contain coumarins that could cause allergic and irritant reactions. These compounds should be removed in the extraction process when bakuchiol is produced, but it is a good idea to be cautious and stay away from products that include the Babchi plant extracts other than purified bakuchiol to avoid irritation BETA-GLUCANHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin, calm down inflammation and irritation, restore the barrier function and support wound healing. It can be helpful in reducing fine lines and wrinkles BETULA ALBA BARK EXTRACTHas astringent properties. Creates a tightening and drying effect on the skin. Can be irritating BIFIDA FERMENT LYSATEConsists of remains of dead yeast bacteria cells. Helps to hydrate the skin and reduce irritation. Might has some anti-oxidant effect BISABOLOLAn active component of chamomile plant that historically has been used to calm down irritated skin. A recent study shows that bisabolol indeed can have some anti-inflammatory effect on skin, even though conclusive data is lacking. Bisabolol has a sweet floral scent and can be added to products for its aromatic properties BOERHAVIA DIFFUSA ROOT EXTRACTA plant extract that might help reduce inflammation and neutralize free radicals BORAGO OFFICINALIS SEED OILA plant oil that is effective in reducing irritation in skin, restore the barrier function and support its hydration BRASSICA OLERACEA CAPITATA LEAF EXTRACTPlant extract that might help calm down inflammation and have some anti-oxidant properties BRASSICA OLERACEA ITALICA EXTRACTMight have some anti-inflammatory properties but research is lacking BUDDLEJA OFFICINALIS FLOWER EXTRACTA plant flower extract that might help calm down inflammation in skin and neutralize free radicals, but evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking BUTYROSPERMUM PARKII BUTTERA great moisturising ingredient that softens the skin and reduces water loss from its upper layer. It also can be helpful in protecting skin from free radicals BUTYROSPERMUM PARKII BUTTER UNSAPONIFIABLESA great moisturizing ingredient that softens the skin and reduces water loss from its upper layer. It also can be helpful in protecting skin from free radicals BUTYROSPERMUM PARKII OIL CAESALPINIA SPINOSA FRUIT POD EXTRACTA plant extract with antioxidant effect. Is often added to skincare to boost SPF CAFFEINEMight be helpful in neutralizing free radicals. Can have a dehydration effect that might somewhat decrease the look of puffy eyes CALENDULA OFFICINALIS EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin CALENDULA OFFICINALIS FLOWER OILA plant oil that might have an antibacterial and some antioxidant effect. Is a common allergen and irritant CAMELLIA JAPONICA FLOWER EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin CAMELLIA JAPONICA LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin CAMELLIA JAPONICA SEED EXTRACTA plant extract that might have anti-oxidant properties CAMELLIA OLEIFERA LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that can help neutralize free radicals and reduce inflammation, even though it is not usually used in sufficient concentration in cosmetics CAMELLIA SEED OILOil from tea seeds. Can help neutralize free radicals in skin CAMELLIA SINENSIS CATECHINSA group of chemical compounds extracted from Green Tea. They can help neutralize free radicals in skin. Might be able to help repair sun damage and clam down inflammation in skin CAMELLIA SINENSIS EXTRACTTea extract. Might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals in skin CAMELLIA SINENSIS LEAFGreen tea leaf powder that might contain antioxidants to help neutralize free radicals in skin CAMELLIA SINENSIS LEAF EXTRACTCan contain potent anti-oxidant compounds (abbreviated ECG, GCG, EGC, and EGCG) that might help protect the skin from free radicals. Can help calm down inflammation and has some anti-bacterial properties. Unfortunately, these antioxidants are unstable and lose their effectiveness very quickly in products. The concentration of the antioxidant compounds in the extract also tends to be low to be effective in topical formulation CAMELLIA SINENSIS LEAF WATERGreen tea leaf water. Might have some minimal anti-oxidant effect CAMELLIA SINENSIS SEED OILA plant oil that helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and can help restore the skin barrier. Might have some anti-oxidant effect CANNABIDIOL - DERIVED FROM EXTRACT OR TINCTURE OR RESIN OF CANNABISCBD. Can bind to skin cell receptors and can reduce inflammation, itching, and help support skin barrier function CANNABIDIOL - SYNTHETICALLY PRODUCEDCBD. Can bind to skin cell receptors and can reduce inflammation, itching, and help support skin barrier function CARAPA GUAIANENSIS SEED OILA plant oil that contains limonoids. Might help neutralize free radicals in skin. Can be irritating CARDIOSPERMUM HALICACABUM FLOWER/LEAF/VINE EXTRACTA plant extract that might have some anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties but evidence is missing CARNOSINEA type of peptide. It attracts water to the upper layer of the skin. It can help neutralize free radicals in skin combatting the sun damage CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS SEED OILAn emollient that helps soften the skin and might help calm down inflammation CARYODENDRON ORINOCENSE SEED OILA plant oil with a high content of linoleic acid that helps soften the upper layer of the skin and helps strengthen the skin barrier. It is an excellent moisturizer. Might have an anti-oxidant effect CASSIA ALATA LEAF EXTRACTMight have some anti-oxidant properties. Can be used as a fragrance. Can be irritating CASTANEA SATIVA SEED EXTRACTA plant extract that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and can help neutralize free radicals CENTAUREA CYANUS FLOWER EXTRACTA plant extract that might have antibacterial effect and help neutralize free radicals CENTELLA ASIATICA EXTRACTA plant extract that has been shown to be able to reduce inflammation in skin, support restoration of skin barrier function, as well as support collagen production. Contains active compounds called centelloids: asiaticoside, madecasosside, asiatic acid and madecassic acid. Might be helpful in preventing stretch marks. It can be itself be irritating though. CERATONIA SILIQUA FRUIT EXTRACTPlant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin and even out skin tone, but evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking CEREUS GRANDIFLORUS FLOWER EXTRACTA cactus extract that can help neutralize free radicals because it contains a chemical compound called betacyanins and flavonolglycosides. Can help make the surface of the skin dryer helping make pores look smaller for a very short period of time. The concentrations usually used in cosmetics are too small to have any effect CHITOSANInhibits acne-causing bacteria on the surface of the skin. Can help to reduce inflammation caused by bacteria. Helps neutralize free radicals in skin. Helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin CHLORELLA PYRENOIDOSA EXTRACTAn algae extract. Can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might help neutralize free radicals in skin CHLORELLA VULGARIS EXTRACTA plant extract that can help to attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have some anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties CHRYSINMight be helpful in reducing fine lines and wrinkles, as well as lightening the skin, but solid evidence is missing. Could somewhat help in reducing the darkness of the under-eye area. Helps to neutralise free radicals in skin CITRULLUS LANATUS FRUIT EXTRACTA plant extract that can contain an antioxidant compound COCCINIA INDICA FRUIT EXTRACTA plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant effect helping neutralize free radicals in skin COENOCHLORIS SIGNIENSIS EXTRACTAn algae extract that might help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and neutralize free radicals COFFEA ARABICA SEED EXTRACTMight be helpful in neutralizing free radicals in skin COFFEA ARABICA SEED OILMight be helpful in neutralizing free radicals in skin COLLOIDAL GOLD/CAMELLIA SINENSIS LEAF POWDERMight provide some anti-oxidant benefits and help attract water to the upper layer of the skin COLLOIDAL OATMEALHelps to restore skin barrier function, soften the upper layer of the skin and calm down inflammation COMBRETUM MICRANTHUM LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant properties COMMIPHORA MUKUL RESIN EXTRACTA plant extract might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals and reducing inflammation in skin COPPER GLUCONATETypically used to stabilize the product formulations. It is a salt of polyhydroxy acid (PHA) and in larger concentrations, can help shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. It can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Might to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Could be helpful in neutralizing free radicals, but solid research is missing COPTIS CHINENSIS ROOT EXTRACTA plant extract that might have antioxidant properties COPTIS JAPONICA ROOT EXTRACTA plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant properties CORALLINA OFFICINALIS EXTRACTRed algae extract that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might contain antioxidants CORNUS OFFICINALIS FRUIT EXTRACTA plant extract that contains anti-oxidants. It might help to neutralize free radicals in skin. Can be used to help preserve the product formulation CREATINECan support skin's ability to neutralize free radicals and produce collagen, though further research is needed to confirm effectiveness CROTON LECHLERI RESIN EXTRACTA plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant properties CRYPTOMERIA JAPONICA LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that might have antioxidant effect in skin CUCUMIS MELO CANTALUPENSIS FRUIT EXTRACTA fruit extract that might help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have some antioxidant properties but evidence of effectiveness in skin is missing CUCUMIS MELO FRUIT EXTRACTA fruit extract that might have some anti-oxidant properties CUCUMIS SATIVUS FRUIT EXTRACTMight be somewhat helpful in reducing hyperpigmentation and neutralizing free radicals but its typical concentration in a product is too low for having an effect CURCUMA LONGA LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant effect CYSTEINEMight help neutralize free radicals in skin and might be helpful against hyperpigmentation DAUCUS CAROTA SATIVA SEED OILA plant oil that might help neutralize free radicals and have an anti-bacterial effect DECARBOXY CARNOSINE HCLMight be able to protect the skin from free radicals, but further evidence of effectiveness is needed DIMETHYLMETHOXY CHROMANOLCan help neutralize free radicals in skin DIPALMITOYL HYDROXYPROLINEIs claimed to stimulate collagen and elastin production, as well as work as an anti-oxidant. There is however not enough evidence for its effectiveness DUNALIELLA SALINA EXTRACTA green micro-algae extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin, but solid evidence is lacking. It helps to soften the upper layer of the skin ECHINACEA ANGUSTIFOLIA EXTRACTPlant extract that might contain antioxidants, have antibacterial effect and help reduce inflammation, but solid evidence is lacking. Can be irritating ECHINACEA PURPUREA EXTRACTPlant extract that might have some anti-oxidant properties. Can be irritating ECLIPTA PROSTRATA EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin. It can be irritating ELLAGIC ACIDCan help neutralize free radicals in skin. It can help prevent and treat hyperpigmentation and even out the skin tone EMBLICA OFFICINALIS FRUIT EXTRACTA plant extract that might be helping in neutralizing free radicals in skin. It could help reduce hyperpigmentation. There is some research to confirm its effectiveness in skin ENANTIA CHLORANTHA BARK EXTRACTA bark extract that might help clam down inflammation and neutralize free radicals , but evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATEA polyphenol found in tea. This particular compound abbreviated EGCG is the most powerful antioxidant among those extracted from tea (usually green tea). Unfortunately, EGCG is unstable, requires a low pH (below 4) to prevent quick degradation, and does not penetrate the skin very well. This is why the full anti-oxidant effect of EGCG is typically not realized when it is added to topical skincare EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATYL GLUCOSIDEA synthetic version of green tea polyphenol that helps neutralize free radicals in skin EPILOBIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals and calm down irritation in skin. However, it can contain compounds that can be irritating themselves EPILOBIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM FLOWER/LEAF/STEM EXTRACTA plant extract that might contain antioxidants ERGOTHIONEINECan help neutralize free radicals in skin. Preliminary studies show that it can be more effective than coenzyme Q10 but studies on effective concentration for topical applications are lacking ERIOBOTRYA JAPONICA LEAF EXTRACTPlant extract that might be somewhat helpful in neutralizing free radicals in skin ESCULINA coumarin glucoside often extracted from chestnut. It can help neutralize free radicals in skin and in theory could help strengthen capillaries, but there is no research to confirm its effectiveness in skin ETHYLBISIMINOMETHYLGUAIACOL MANGANESE CHLORIDEA potent anti-oxidant that can help neutralize free radicals in skin and protect from harmful effects of sun exposure, even though more studies are needed to confirm its effectiveness in topical applications EUTERPE OLERACEA FRUIT EXTRACTA plant extract that can have some anti-oxidant effect in skin EUTERPE OLERACEA FRUIT OILA plant oil that might help neutralize free radicals, but evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking FERULIC ACIDA potent anti-oxidant that has been shown to be effective in neutralizing free radicals in skin. There seem to have a synergetic effect of ferulic acid, vitamin E and C, meaning that when the ingredients are used together, they enhance each other's ability protect the skin against free radicals. Ferulic acid also helps to stabilize other ingredients - including vitamins C and E. It can help to even out the skin tone. Ferulic acid is approved for use as a sunscreen ingredient in Japan in concentrations up to 10% FICUS CARICA FRUIT EXTRACTA plant extract that can help neutralize free radicals. The concentrations typically used in cosmetics are too small to have an effect FRAGARIA ANANASSA SEED EXTRACT FRAGARIA VESCA FRUIT EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin, but research on its effectiveness is lacking FUCOXANTHINCan have an antioxidant effect in skin GALACTOMYCES FERMENT FILTRATEA yeast ferment filtrate (also known as Pitera - a trademarked name for the filtrate reserved by the SK-II brand). It helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin, can help neutralize antioxidants and can be helpful in evening out the skin tone. It might be somewhat helpful in preventing premature skin aging but solid evidence is lacking. A small manufacturer study also shows that, when used in high concentrations, it can help reduce sebum production and help against blocked pores GARCINIA MANGOSTANA FRUIT EXTRACTA fruit extract that might have some anti-oxidant properties GARDENIA JASMINOIDES MERISTEM CELL CULTUREA stem cell extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin GINKGO BILOBA LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals and reduce inflammation in skin. It can be irritating GLUCONIC ACIDA polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that helps shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. Is believed to be genter than AHAs. It helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and can stimulate production of skin's own hyaluronic acid resulting in imporved hydration levels. It has been shown to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Might help reduce fine lines and wrinkles and improve skin tone with long-term application. Can help neutralize free radicals GLUCONOLACTONEA polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that helps shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. Is believed to be genter than AHAs. It helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and can stimulate production of skin's own hyaluronic acid resulting in improved hydration levels. It has been shown to be helpful against acne and clogged pores if used consistently (e.g over a period of 12 weeks) in high enough concentration. It can help reduce fine lines and wrinkles and improve skin tone with long-term application. Can help neutralize free radicals GLUTATHIONEA peptide that can help neutralize free radicals in skin and reduce melanin production resulting in skin lightening effect and reduction in hyperpigmentation. It can also help attract moisture to the upper layer of the skin GLYCINE SOJA SEED EXTRACTAn emollient that helps soften the skin. Might be somewhat helpful in evening the skin tone.GLYCYRRHETINIC ACIDActive compound of licorice root. Works to calm down inflammation, as an anti-oxidant, and might be helpful in lightening the skin and reducing hyperpigmentation GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that can be effective for calming down inflammation and lightening the skin, but the effectivenss in products can vary significantly based on the extract quality and concentration used GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA ROOT EXTRACTA plant extract that can help lighten the skin and calm down inflammation. Might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals GLYCYRRHIZA INFLATA ROOT EXTRACTA plant extract that can help lighten the skin and calm down inflammation. Might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals HABERLEA RHODOPENSIS LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that if used in high concentration might help to neutralize free radicals in skin HAEMATOCOCCUS PLUVIALIS EXTRACTGreen algae extract that might contain antioxidant astaxanthin HESPERIDIN METHYL CHALCONEMight help neutralize free radicals in skin. Is claimed to be able to improve the appearance of undereye darkness but evidence is missing. Can be an allergen and cause irritation HEXYLRESORCINOLMight be helpful in reducing hyperpigmentation and neutralizing free radicals in skin HIBISCUS ESCULENTUS FRUIT EXTRACTA plant extract that might help to neutralize free radicals. It can be irritating HIPPOPHAE RHAMNOIDES FRUIT EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin, but research on its effectiveness is lacking HIPPOPHAE RHAMNOIDES FRUIT OILA plant oil that might somewhat help to neutralize free radicals. It could be irritating HORDEUM VULGARE EXTRACTA plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant properties. Avoid if you are sensitive to gluten HORDEUM VULGARE SEED EXTRACTA grain extract. It might contain compounds that help neutralize free radicals in skin HOVENIA DULCIS FRUIT EXTRACTA plant extract HYDROLYZED GINSENG SAPONINSPlant extract that might help calm down inflammation in skin and neutralize free radicals, but effectiveness of topical application is not confirmed. Can be an allergen HYDROLYZED OPUNTIA FICUS-INDICA FLOWER EXTRACTA plant extract. Can help attract water the upper layer of the skin and might have some anti-oxidant properties HYDROLYZED PRUNUS DOMESTICAA plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant properties HYDROLYZED VITIS LABRUSCA SKIN EXTRACTAn extract from grape skin. Might help neutralize free radicals in skin HYDROXYDECYL UBIQUINONEAn analogue of coenzyme Q10 that has a lower molecular weight, which can improve its ability to penetrate the skin. It helps neutralize free radicals in skin, improves skin hydration and might be helpful agains fine lines and wrinkles. It can be an allergen HYDROXYDECYL UBIQUINOYL DIPALMITOYL GLYCERATEIdebenone complex. Helps neutralize free radicals in skin HYDROXYMETHOXYPHENYL DECANONEAn anti-oxidant. It might be able to neutralize free radicals in skin. The manufacturer claims that it is able to stimulate synthesis of hyaluronic acid in skin, but there is no evidence of effectiveness of this ingredient so far HYPERICUM PERFORATUM FLOWER/LEAF/STEM EXTRACTA plant extract (perforate St John's-wort) that might have some anti-oxidant effect. Can be used as a fragrance and be irritating ILEX PARAGUARIENSIS LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that can help neutralize free radicals in skin. Can contain fragrand compounds like linalool that can be irritating IMPERATA CYLINDRICA ROOT EXTRACTA plat extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin and attract water to its upper layer ISOQUERCITRINAntioxidant that might help reduce free radicals and reduce melanin production, but more research is needed to understand if it is effective in skin JUNIPERUS COMMUNIS FRUIT EXTRACTBerry extract that might have some anti-oxidant effect KAPPAPHYCUS ALVAREZII EXTRACTA red algae extract that can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have some antioxidant properties KOJIC ACIDHelps to reduce hyperpigmentation and neutralize free radicals. Can be irritating LACTOBACILLUS FERMENTA fermentation product created by bacteria Lactobacillus. The fermented product has anti-bacterial properties and might be helpful in calming down inflammation, but studies are lacking. Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Can be used as a preservative LACTOBACILLUS/ARUNDINARIA GIGANTEA LEAF FERMENT FILTRATEFermented bamboo. Is used to create a nice product texture. Might have some antioxidant effect LACTOBIONIC ACIDA polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that helps shed dead cells from the surface of the skin revealing a smoother, more even skin. PHAs tend to be gentler on the skin compared to AHAs (for example, glycolic acid). It also has hydrating properties and helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. It can help calm down inflammation in skin and support restoration of the barrier function. It has an anti-oxidant effect as well. It can help reduce fine line, wrinkles and improve skin elasticity LACTOCOCCUS FERMENT LYSATEConsists of remains of dead bacteria cells. Is likely helpful in attracting water to the upper layer of the skin. Might be helpful in reducing inflammation and neutralizing free radicals in skin LAMINARIA DIGITATA EXTRACTSeaweed extract that helps the skin to attract water and make it more smooth for touch. Also shows promise of anti-aging properties, but good research is lacking at the moment LAVANDULA OFFICINALIS FLOWER OILAm essential oil that is used as a fragrance LEONTOPODIUM ALPINUM CALLUS CULTURE EXTRACTA plant stem cell extract that might help neutralize free radicals and reduce inflammation in skin LITHOSPERMUM ERYTHRORHIZON ROOT EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin. Can be used for its fragrance LONICERA CAPRIFOLIUM FLOWER EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin. Can contain volalite oils and be irritating LONICERA JAPONICA FLOWER EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin. Can contain volalite oils and be irritating LUFFA CYLINDRICA FRUIT EXTRACTA fruit extract that might be somewhat helpful in neutrlizing free radicals LYCIUM BARBARUM FRUIT EXTRACTA plant extract that can help neutralize free radicals in skin and attract water to its upper layer LYCOPENEHelps neutralize free radicals in skin combating sun damage. Adds a red color to the product MADECASSOSIDEAn antioxidant that is typically derived from plant Centella Asiatica. It can help neutralize free radicals in skin and support skin barrier function. It could, however, itself be irritating. It is often unstable in formulations MALPIGHIA EMARGINATA SEED EXTRACTCan help neutralize free radicals in skin but is typically not used in a high enough concentration MALPIGHIA GLABRA FRUIT EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin, but research on its effectiveness is lacking MALPIGHIA PUNICIFOLIA FRUIT EXTRACTA fruit extract that might help neutralize free radicals. The concentrations typically used in cosmetics are too small to have an effect MALTOBIONIC ACIDA polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that helps shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. Is genter than AHAs. In addition, it helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. It has been shown to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Might help reduce fine lines and wrinkles and improve skin tone with long-term application. Can help neutralize free radicals MALUS DOMESTICA FRUIT EXTRACTHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin MALVA SYLVESTRIS LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that might help in reducing inflammation MEDICAGO SATIVA EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin MEDICAGO SATIVA SEED POWDERMight help soften the upper layer of the skin and help thicken the product formulation. It might have some anti-oxidant effect MELIA AZADIRACHTA FLOWER EXTRACTA plant extract that might be helpful to neutralize free radicals in skin MICROCOCCUS LYSATEConsists of remains of dead bacteria cells. Is likely helpful in attracting water to the upper layer of the skin. Might be helpful in reducing inflammation and neutralizing free radicals in skin. It is claimed to be a "DNA repair enzyme"MORINGA OLEIFERA SEED EXTRACTHelps soften the upper layer of the skin and might have some antioxidant effect MORUS ALBA BARK EXTRACTA plant extract that might have anti-oxidant properties and help even out skin tone, but solid evidence is lacking MYRCIARIA DUBIA FRUIT EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin, but research on its effectiveness is lacking N-NICOTINOYL DOPAMINEA niacinamide derivative. It is less effective than niacinamide against hyperpigmentation, but can have an anti-oxidant effect in skin NARCISSUS TAZETTA BULB EXTRACTMight contain compounds called dormins that in theory could help lighten skin and reduce hyperpigmentation, but solid research is lacking NARINGENINA flavanoid that can be found in high concentrations in grapefruits, oranges, other citrus fruits, and tomato skin. Early studies suggest that it might be able to help reduce inflammation in skin and neutralize free radicals NELUMBO NUCIFERA EXTRACTMight be somewhat helpful in protecting elastin in skin and evening skin tone, but good research is lacking. Contains fragrant components and can be irritating. NELUMBO NUCIFERA FLOWER EXTRACT OCIMUM SANCTUM LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that is rich in a fragrance compound eugenol that is a frequent allergen and can be irritating. It might also contain anti-oxidants to help neutralize free radicals OENOTHERA BIENNIS OILHelps soften the upper layer of the skin and can support skin barrier function OENOTHERA BIENNIS SEEDA plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant properties but evidence is lacking OLEANOLIC ACIDMight be helpful against blemishes, work as an anti-oxidant, reduce inflammation and improve skin's ability to hold on to moisture, but more research is needed to confirm its effectiveness when applied topically to human skin OPHIOPOGON JAPONICUS ROOT EXTRACTPlant extract that might help neutralize free radicals and support skin barrier function, but research on its effectiveness in skin is lacking OPUNTIA COCCINELLIFERA FRUIT EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin ORYZANOLAn anti-oxidant that helps stabilize product formulations. Might help neutralise free radicals in skin PAEONIA LACTIFLORA ROOT EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals and reduce hyperpigmentation, but the research on its effectiveness in skin is lacking PAEONIA SUFFRUTICOSA ROOT EXTRACT PALMARIA PALMATA EXTRACTRed algae extract that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin PALMITOYL GRAPEVINE SHOOT EXTRACTAn extract from grape plant that can contain a potent antioxidant resveratrol. The manufacturer (Caudalie) claims that this particular extract is effective against hyperpigmentation. This effect would be explained by the resveratrol content. However, there is no independent research confirming the manufacturer's claim beside the potential for anti-oxidant activity PANAX GINSENG EXTRACTA plant extract that might have anti-oxidant properties. Can be irritating PANCRATIUM MARITIMUM EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin. It might help reduce hyperpigmentation PARACHLORELLA BEIJERINCKII EXOPOLYSACCHARIDESCompounds extracted from green algae that could help neutralize free radicals, but evidence of effectiveness in skincare products (topical applicaiton) is missing. Helps moisturize the skin by attracting water to its upper layer PEARL POWDERConsists of 95% calcium carbonate that does not have any effect on the skin. The remaining 5% can include compounds that can help neutralize free radicals and support skin barrier function PENTAPEPTIDE-34 TRIFLUOROACETATEA type of peptide that works as a great moisturizer. It might also have some anti-aging effect and help neutralize free radicals in skin PERILLA FRUTESCENS LEAF EXTRACTUsed as a fragrance for its mint-like smell PERILLA OCYMOIDES LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin but solid research is lacking. Contains a number of volatile compounds and could be irritating PERILLA OCYMOIDES SEED EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin but solid research is lacking. Contains a number of volatile compounds and can be irritating PERILLA OCYMOIDES SEED OILA plant extract that works as an emollient. It might help neutralize free radicals in skin but solid research is lacking. Contains some volatile compounds and could be irritating PHASEOLUS LUNATUS SEED EXTRACTBean seed extract. It might have some anti-oxidant properties PHLORETINAn antioxidant. Can help neutralize free radicals in skin PHYLLANTHUS EMBLICA FRUIT EXTRACTA plant extract that might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals and have a skin lightening effect if used in high enough concentrations PIMPINELLA ANISUM FRUIT EXTRACTA plant extract that can have some anti-oxidant properties. Can be used as a fragrance and to help preserve product formulations. Can be irritating PINUS PINASTER BARK EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals and reduce hyperpigmentation, but evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking PLANTAGO LANCEOLATA LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that might have anti-oxidant properties PLEIOGYNIUM TIMORIENSE FRUIT EXTRACTA fruit extract that might help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and have some anti-oxidant effect, but evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking PODOCARPUS ELATUS FRUIT EXTRACTA fruit extract that might help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have some antioxidant properties but evidence of effectiveness in skin is missing POLYGONUM AVICULARE EXTRACTA plant extract that contains a flavanol Juglanin. It can help neutralize free radicals in skin and reduce inflammation POLYGONUM BISTORTA ROOT EXTRACTA plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant properties and is claimed by its manufacturer to be able to decrease lines and wrinkles but evidence is lacking POLYGONUM CUSPIDATUM ROOT EXTRACTA plant extract that can contain resveratrol, an antioxidant that can help neutralize free radicals in skin. The effectiveness depends on the extract quality and concentration in the product PORPHYRA YEZOENSIS EXTRACTHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have some anti-oxidant properties PORTULACA OLERACEA EXTRACTA plant extract that has some anti-oxidant activity, but solid research is lacking. Can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin PORTULACA PILOSA EXTRACT PROPOLIS EXTRACTA complex substance produced by honey bees. Can have anti-bacterial and some anti-oxidant effect. Is an allergen and can be irritating PRUNUS MUME FRUIT EXTRACTA plant extract that might have an anti-oxidant effect and help even out skin tone, but solid evidence of effectiveness is lacking PSEUDOZYMA EPICOLA/CAMELLIA SINENSIS SEED OIL/GLUCOSE/MALT EXTRACT/SOYBEAN FLOUR/YEAST EXTRACT FERMENT FILTRATEHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might help neutralize free radicals PUNICA GRANATUM EXTRACTA plant extract that can help neutralize free radicals in skin and even out the skin tone, but is typically used in products in a concentration that is too low to be effective PUNICA GRANATUM SEED EXTRACT PYRIDOXINEMight help neutralize free radicals in skin, but evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking. It might be irritating PYRIDOXINE HCLMight help neutralize free radicals in skin PYRUS MALUS FRUIT EXTRACTCan have some moisturizing properties due to its sugar content PYRUS MALUS SEED EXTRACTApple seed extract. Might help neutralize free radicals in skin QUERCETINMight be able to help neutralize free radicals in skin RESVERATROLHelps neutralize free radicals in skin and might help reduce fine lines and wrinkles, as well as even out the skin tone RESVERATROL DIMETHYL ETHERA more stable derivative of anti-oxidant resveratrol. There is not enough research to confirm its efficacy in skin RETINOLTwo steps removed from the active form of vitamin A - retinoic acid. Once converted to the retinoic acid in the skin, retinol is proven to be effective against all signs of aging. It improves skin cell turnover, helps fight blemishes and clogged pores, can regulate excess oil production and even skin tone. It can, however, be quite irritating RETINYL LINOLEATEAn ester of a retinoid and linoleic acid. Three steps removed from the bioactive form of retinoid, retinoic acid. Once converted to retinoic acid in skin, it can help reduce wrinkles, stimulate collagen production, even out skin tone and reduce blemishes. The concentrations used in cosmetic products are often not high enough to have a positive effect in skin. RIBES NIGRUM LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant properties but evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking RICE FERMENT FILTRATEHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Might have some anti-oxidant properties ROSA CANINA FRUIT OILA great emollient. Contains vitamin E (tocopherol) which may give it some anti-oxidant properties. Can contain volatile compounds and can be irritating ROSA ROXBURGHII FRUIT EXTRACTA fruit extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin, but evidence of effectiveness is missing ROSE FLOWER OILFlower oil that is used as a fragrance ROSMARINUS OFFICINALIS LEAF EXTRACTCan be helpful in reducing inflammation in skin. Is a likely irritant ROSMARINUS OFFICINALIS LEAF OILA plant oil with high content of volatile compounds that can irritate the skin. Can be used as a fragrance. Has anti-bacterial properties and might help neutralize free radicals on the surface of the skin ROSMARINYL GLUCOSIDEHelps neutralize free radicals in skin and might help to reduce inflammation RUBUS FRUTICOSUS FRUIT EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin RUBUS IDAEUS FRUIT EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin, bu research on its effectiveness is lacking RUBUS IDAEUS LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant properties but evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking RUBUS IDAEUS SEED OILA plant oil that might be able to help neutralize free radicals in skin RUTINAn antioxidant that might help neutralize free radicals in skin SACCHAROMYCES/BARLEY SEED FERMENT FILTRATEA yeast extract that can help neutralize free radicals in skin and can help attract water to its upper layers SALIX ALBA BARK EXTRACTA plant extract that can help neutralize free radicals in skin. It contains a compound salicin that can theoretically be converted into salicylic acid that, in turn, helps reduce inflammation in skin, but the evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking and the extract is usually not used in a concentration that would enable an exfoliating effect SALVIA MILTIORRHIZA ROOT EXTRACTAn aromatic plant root extract with a mint-like smell. Can be irritating. Used as a fragrance. Might have some anti-oxidant effect SAMBUCUS NIGRA FLOWER EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin SAMBUCUS NIGRA FRUIT EXTRACTA plant extract that may contain a small amount of essential oils. Might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals in skin SAPINDUS MUKOROSSI PEEL EXTRACTA plant extract that can contain saponins. Might have anti-bactrial and anti-oxidant effect in skin. Also can be used to help oil and water mix together SCENEDESMUS RUBESCENS EXTRACTA micro-algae extract that might help attract water to the upper layer of the skin, support its barrier function, amd might help neutralize free radicals, but evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking SCHISANDRA CHINENSIS FRUIT EXTRACTA berry extract that might help neutralize free radicals on the surface of the skin SCLEROCARYA BIRREA SEED OILAn emollient that helps to soften the skin. It has a high contetn of oleic acid that might weaken the skin barrier. Might have some anti-oxidant properties. It might be somewhat helpful against hyperpigmentation. SCUTELLARIA BAICALENSIS EXTRACTA plant extract that might contain a compound baicalin that could be helpful in neutralizing free radicals and reducing inflammation in skin. The baicalin concentration in skincare typically too low. Can be used for its fragrant properties SCUTELLARIA BAICALENSIS ROOT EXTRACTA plant extract that might contain a compound baicalin that could be helpful in neutralizing free radicals and reducing inflammation in skin. The baicalin concentration in skincare products is often too low for an effective action. Can be used for its fragrant properties SEA WHIP EXTRACTMight help neutrlize free radicals, calm down inflammation, and attract water to the upper layer of the skin SELAGINELLA LEPIDOPHYLLA EXTRACTA plant extract that might be able to attract water to the upper layer of the skin, soften it and have some antioxidant effect, but evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking SILYBUM MARIANUM EXTRACTMight be able to help neutralize free radical, calm down inflammation in skin, and even skin tone SODIUM ASCORBYL PHOSPHATEA stable derivative of vitamin C. It is oil-soluble which means it is more likely to penetrate the skin compared to the pure form of vitamin C (which is water-soluble), but it is less bio-available and is way less effective in stimulating collagen and reducing wrinkles compared to the pure form of vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) and its other derivatives (for example, magnesium ascorbyl phosphate). At the same time, this vitamin C derivative has been shown in studies to be effective in reducing acne, blemishes and clogged pores. It is less irritating then the pure form of vitamin C SOLANUM MELONGENA FRUIT EXTRACTEggplant fruit extract. Might have some anti-oxidant effect SPINACIA OLERACEA LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant properties SPIRAEA ULMARIA FLOWER EXTRACTMight have some anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Can be irritating SPIRULINA PLATENSIS EXTRACTAn algae extract. Might help to attract water to the upper layer of the skin and have an anti-oxidant effect SQUALENEAn oil that is naturally part of skin sebum that helps to soften its upper layer, reduce water loss and neutralize free radicals. It might be comedogenic. Avoid applying large concentrations (or pure oil) before sun exposure as oxidized squalene can clog pores and lead to skin irritation. Today squalene is mostly derived from vegetable oils or synthetized by yeast SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASEAn antioxidant enzyme that is naturally present in skin. It can help support skin barrier function and reduce inflammation in skin. It is used in topical medications for inflammatory skin conditions including atopic dermatitis (eczema) and psoriasis. There are three types of natural Superoxide Dismutase in human skin. The compound used in topical treatments and cosmetics are mimics of typically one of these natural variants SYMPHYTUM OFFICINALE ROOT EXTRACTA plant extract that might be able to help decrease inflammation in skin and have an anti-oxidant effect SYZYGIUM LUEHMANNII FRUIT EXTRACT TAMARINDUS INDICA EXTRACTA plant extract that might have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect in skin but solid evidence is lacking TARAXACUM OFFICINALE ROOT EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin. Can be irritating TARTARIC ACIDAn AHA (alpha-hydroxy acid). It oxidizes quickly which makes it less effective in skincare formulations. It can support skin's barrier and moisture levels TAURINECould be helpful in reducing inflammation in skin, evening out the skin tone and neutralizing free radicals, but more research is needed to confirm its effectiveness TETRAHEXYLDECYL ASCORBATEBeing a lipid soluble form of vitamin C, it is more stable. It is claimed to penetrate skin better than pure vitamin C and have the the similar benefits, but solid studies of its effectiveness are lacking. Is likely to require a higher concentration in a product than pure vitamin C to be effective. TETRAHYDROBISDEMETHOXYDIFERULOYLMETHANEAn anti-oxidant derived from curcumin (naturally present in tumeric). It might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals in skin and possibly help even out the skin tone. Can be irritating TETRAHYDRODEMETHOXYDIFERULOYLMETHANEAn anti-oxidant derived from curcumin (naturally present in tumeric). Is a part of the tetrahydrocurcuminoids complex (THC). The complex might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals in skin and possibly help even out the skin tone. Can be irritating TETRAHYDRODIFERULOYLMETHANEAn anti-oxidant derived from curcumin (naturally present in tumeric). Is a part of the tetrahydrocurcuminoids complex (THC). The complex might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals in skin and possibly help even out the skin tone. Can be irritating THEOBROMA CACAO SEED BUTTERHelps soften the upper layer of the skin and can be helpful in restoring the skin barrier function. Might have some anti-oxidant effect THERMUS THERMOPHILLUS FERMENTMight be helpful in neutralising free radicals in skin and have some hydration properties THIOCTIC ACID TOCOPHEROLPure form of vitamin E. Can help moisturise and protect the skin from free radicals. Often used to help stabilise other ingredients or the formula itself TOCOPHERYL ACETATEA more stable but less bio-available form of vitamin E compared to Tocopherol. Might help moisturize and protect the skin from free radicals, but mostly used in low concentrations to stabilize other ingredients. TOCOPHERYL GLUCOSIDEAntioxidant that helps stabilize product formulations and, if used in higher concentration, might help neutralize free radicals in skin TOCOPHERYL LINOLEATEA relative of vitamin E (Tocopherol). It can have an anti-oxidant effect in skin and/or to stabilize the product fromulation. It could be irritating but most of the reported allergy and irritation cases appeared in one geographic location (Switzerland) in 1992, and might be due to the quality issues in manufacturing of a particular batch of the ingredient TOCOTRIENOLSA type of vitamin E that is more powerful in neutralizing free radicals compared to its other forms TREMELLA FUCIFORMIS SPOROCARP EXTRACTMushroom extract that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin UBIQUINONECoenzyme Q10. It helps neutralize free radicals in skin, improves skin hydration and might be helpful agains fine lines and wrinkles. It can be an allergen ULMUS DAVIDIANA ROOT EXTRACTA plant root extract that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. It might have an anti-inflammatory effect and could help neturalize free radicals in skin UNDARIA PINNATIFIDA EXTRACTA seaweed extract that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have an anti-oxidant effect URSOLIC ACID VACCINIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM FRUIT EXTRACTA plant extract tha can have anti-oxidant properties, but evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking VACCINIUM CORYMBOSUM SEED OILHelps soften the upper layer of the skin, support the skin's barrier function and might help neutralize free radicals VACCINIUM MACROCARPON SEED OILA plant oil that can help neutralize free radicals, soften the upper layer of the skin, and support skin's barrier function VACCINIUM MYRTILLUS FRUIT EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin, but research on its efficacy in skin is lacking VIOLA TRICOLOR EXTRACTA plant extract that might have an anti-inflammatory effect in skin VISCUM ALBUM LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that has anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial properties and might help neutralize free radicals in skin, but solid research is lacking VITIS VINIFERA OILA great emollient that can also have anti-oxidant properties VITIS VINIFERA SEED EXTRACTA plant extract that contains resveratrol and other anti-oxidant compounds that can help neutralize free radicals, reduce inflammation in skin and even out its tone. Can be also used to stabilize the product formulation YEAST EXTRACTHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have some anti-oxidant and skin lightening properties. It can help calm down inflammation in skin ZANTHOXYLUM BUNGEANUM FRUIT EXTRACTPepper extract. Might help neutralize free radicals in skin ZANTHOXYLUM PIPERITUM FRUIT EXTRACTPlant extract that has some anti-oxidant properties. It can be irritating. Can be used to improve the product's smell ZINC PCAA compound that combines zinc with a hydrating ingredient PCA. Might to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Can help calm down inflammation in skin. Could be helpful in reducing the formation of free radicals in skin. Might help to reduce fine lines in wrinkles, but solid evidence is missing TretinoinBioavailable form of Vitamin A that is the most effective known topical ingredients for reducing wrinkles, improving skin firmness, treating acne, as well as hyperpigmentation. It is not available over-the counter in many countries, including US and UK UBIDECARENONEA less bioavailable form of coQ10 (compared to ubiquinone)CANARIUM OVATUM EXTRACT

Exfoliation

RETINYL PROPIONATEThree steps removed from the active form of vitamin A - retinoic acid. To have an effect in the skin, it first needs to be converted twice to become the retinoic acid. This means it is less potent than retinol, but could also be less irritating. Once converted to the retinoic acid in the skin, it helps against all signs of aging, improves skin cell turnover and helps fight blemishes and clogged pores, even thought its potency is not as well established as in case of retinol or retinaldehyde SEA SALTUsed to thicken the product formulation and might help to add minerals to the surface of the skin. It is used in scrubs as a physical exfoliant. Can increase sensitivity to other ingredients if left on the skin or used in high concentration AZELAIC ACIDIs produced by a yeast that lives on normal human skin. It is used in medicine as a topical treatment for mild to moderate acne. It has a mild exfoliating effect. It can also help reduce hyperpigmentation, helps calm down inflammation and can help neutralize free radicals MALTOBIONIC ACIDA polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that helps shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. Is genter than AHAs. In addition, it helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. It has been shown to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Might help reduce fine lines and wrinkles and improve skin tone with long-term application. Can help neutralize free radicals RETINYL PALMITATEThree steps removed from the active form of vitamin A - retinoic acid. To have an effect in the skin, it first needs to be converted twice to become the retinoic acid. This means it is less potent than retinol, but could also be less irritating. Once converted to the retinoic acid in the skin, it helps against all signs of aging, improves skin cell turnover and helps fight blemishes and clogged pores. However, in many cosmetic formulations, it is used in a concentration that is too low to have the full effect RETINOLTwo steps removed from the active form of vitamin A - retinoic acid. Once converted to the retinoic acid in the skin, retinol is proven to be effective against all signs of aging. It improves skin cell turnover, helps fight blemishes and clogged pores, can regulate excess oil production and even skin tone. It can, however, be quite irritating POLYLACTIC ACIDUsed as an abrasive ingredient for physical (mechanical) exfoliation SALICYLIC ACIDUsed for skin exfoliation. It has an anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial effect, helps to unclog pores, prevent blemishes and speed up healing of the existing ones. Sometimes referred to as a BHA (beta-hydroxy acid)GLUCONOLACTONEA polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that helps shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. Is believed to be genter than AHAs. It helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and can stimulate production of skin's own hyaluronic acid resulting in improved hydration levels. It has been shown to be helpful against acne and clogged pores if used consistently (e.g over a period of 12 weeks) in high enough concentration. It can help reduce fine lines and wrinkles and improve skin tone with long-term application. Can help neutralize free radicals LACTOBACILLUS/PUMPKIN FERMENT EXTRACTAn enzyme-based exfoliant GLYCOLIC ACIDAn alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA) that helps to remove the dead skin cells on the surface of the skin reveling a more even, smoother complexation. It is also able to stimulate collagen production with long-term use. Could help to reduce pore congestion. It can be irritating to the skin. Apply sunscreen daily if using products with glycolic acid SALICYLAMIDEUsed for anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties. Can help reduce inflammation in skin. If used in higher concentrations, works to exfoliate the skin MANDELIC ACIDHelps shed the upper layer of dead cells from the surface of the skin revealing smoother, brighter skin. It can help to reduce hyperpigmentation. It has anti-bacterial properties, and might help to reduce blemishes, as well as fine lines and wrinkles. It is considered to be gentler than glycolic acid UREANaturally present in skin (urea makes up about 7% of natural moisturizing factors in skin). Attracts water to the upper layer of the skin. Also has a positive effect on the skin barrier beyond the humectant action. Can enhance penetration of other ingredients. Is an exfoliating ingredient when used in high concentrations RETINYL RETINOATEA "hybrid" of retinol and retinoic acid. It is more stable than retinol and is likely to be more effective based on the early research data available. Is as irritating as retinol VITIS VINIFERA JUICE EXTRACTContains AHAs that exfoliate the upper layer of the skin. Can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin due to the sugar content PHENOLA harsh exfoliant and preservative. It is banned from using in cosmetics in the EU LACTIC ACIDAn exfoliating and moisturizing alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA). Typically causes less irritation than other AHAs, for example, glycolic acid. At high concentrations (about 15%), lactic acid can help reduce lines and wrinkles. Recent studies show that lactic acid can support the "good" bacteria living on skin's surface (healthy skin microbiom) LACTOBIONIC ACIDA polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that helps shed dead cells from the surface of the skin revealing a smoother, more even skin. PHAs tend to be gentler on the skin compared to AHAs (for example, glycolic acid). It also has hydrating properties and helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. It can help calm down inflammation in skin and support restoration of the barrier function. It has an anti-oxidant effect as well. It can help reduce fine line, wrinkles and improve skin elasticity MARIS SALUsed to thicken the product formulation and might help to add minerals to the surface of the skin. It is used in scrubs as a physical exfoliant. Can increase sensitivity to other ingredients if left on the skin or used in high concentration TARTARIC ACIDAn AHA (alpha-hydroxy acid). It oxidizes quickly which makes it less effective in skincare formulations. It can support skin's barrier and moisture levels 1-TRIMETHYL-2-CYCLOHEXENYL-1-PENTEN-3-ONE HYDROXYPINACOLONE RETINOATEA derivative of the most potent form of vitamin A, retinoic acid. The ingredient can be sold under name Granactive Retinoid. Note that if a skincare brand discloses the concentration of Granactive Retinoid in a product, the concentration refers to a diluted form of Hydroxypinacolone Retinoate: 1% of Granactive Retinoid corresponds to 0.1% of Hydroxypinacolone Retinoate. Hydroxypinacolone Retinoate (HPR) is a unique derivative of retinoic acid because it can directly work in the skin and does not require additional conversion steps. According to studies done by the manufacturer on models of human skin (not real people), this derivative is more effective than other cosmetic versions of retinoids (such as retinol, retinaldehyde, and retinyl palmitate), and, at the same time, causes less irritation. It has been also demonstrated to be more stable than retinol which makes formulating with easier and increases the chances that a product with it will maintain its effectiveness after opening. The packaging should still ideally be air-tight. HPR is available over the counter in the EU, UK, Asia, Australia and New Zealand, but is only with a prescription in Canada.LACTOBACILLUS/PUNICA GRANATUM FRUIT FERMENT EXTRACTAn enzyme-based exfoliant ACETYL GLUCOSAMINEAn effective moisturizing ingredient that also has been shown to be effective in evening out the skin tone and reducing hyperpigmentation. It can help somewhat reduce wrinkles in skin PAPAINAn enzyme extracted from papaya fruit. Can have an exfoliating effect on the skin. Can be irritating BETAINE SALICYLATEExfoliating acid, a "relative" of salicylic acid CAPRYLOYL SALICYLIC ACID HYDROXYETHYL UREAA derivative of urea, a compound that is naturally present in skin. Attracts water to the upper layer of the skin. Can enhance penetration of other ingredients CITRUS AURANTIFOLIA JUICE COPPER GLUCONATETypically used to stabilize the product formulations. It is a salt of polyhydroxy acid (PHA) and in larger concentrations, can help shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. It can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Might to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Could be helpful in neutralizing free radicals, but solid research is missing GLUCONIC ACIDA polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that helps shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. Is believed to be genter than AHAs. It helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and can stimulate production of skin's own hyaluronic acid resulting in imporved hydration levels. It has been shown to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Might help reduce fine lines and wrinkles and improve skin tone with long-term application. Can help neutralize free radicals ALCLOXAAn aluminum salt of allantoin. Can have an exfoliating and mattifying effect. Can be irritating

Moisturizing

MAGNESIUM PALMITOYL GLUTAMATEAn amino acid that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Might be helpful against lines and wrinkles, but evidence of effectiveness is lacking CYSTEINEMight help neutralize free radicals in skin and might be helpful against hyperpigmentation MAGNESIUM PCAHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin TETRAPEPTIDE-14 TETRAPEPTIDE-21A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles MALTOBIONIC ACIDA polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that helps shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. Is genter than AHAs. In addition, it helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. It has been shown to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Might help reduce fine lines and wrinkles and improve skin tone with long-term application. Can help neutralize free radicals CYLINDROTHECA FUSIFORMIS EXTRACTHelps skin moisturization by attracting water to the upper layer of the skin. Might have some anti-oxidant properties but research confirming effectiveness in skin is lacking MALUS DOMESTICA FRUIT EXTRACTHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin TETRAPEPTIDE-23 CYCLOTETRAPEPTIDE-24 AMINOCYCLOHEXANE CARBOXYLATEA type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles MANGANESE GLUCONATEMight be able to help restore skin barrier function supporting its hydration MANGANESE PCAHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Often used as a part of an ingredient complex Physiogenyl together with Sodium PCA, Magnesium PCA and Zinc PCA. The manufacturer claims that it does more than attracting water, but there is no evidence or studies supporting this claim MANGIFERA INDICA SEED BUTTERHelps to soften the upper layer of the skin and might have some anti-oxidant effect MANNITOLHelps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin MAURITIA FLEXUOSA FRUIT OILHelps soften the upper layer of the skin TETRAPEPTIDE-30 TETRAPEPTIDE-36A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles ALANYL GLUTAMINEA type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles MELIA AZADIRACHTA SEED OILHelps soften the upper layer of the skin and can support skin barrier function due to the high linoleic acid content METHICONEA type of silicone that helps soften the upper layer of the skin and reduces the water loss from the skin surface MICROCOCCUS LYSATEConsists of remains of dead bacteria cells. Is likely helpful in attracting water to the upper layer of the skin. Might be helpful in reducing inflammation and neutralizing free radicals in skin. It is claimed to be a "DNA repair enzyme"CYCLOMETHICONEA type of silicone that leaves a nice silky finish on the skin and can help soften its upper layer TETRAPEPTIDE-38A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles TETRAPEPTIDE-40A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles ALANINEAn amino-acid that helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might help to lighten the skin, but solid evidence is lacking CYANOCOBALAMINCan support skin barrier function and reduce inflammation in skin MYRISTOYL HEXAPEPTIDE-16A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles CUCURBITA PEPO SEED OILHelps soften the upper layer of the skin MYRISTOYL NONAPEPTIDE-3A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles MYRISTOYL PENTAPEPTIDE-17A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles CUCUMIS SATIVUS OILA plant oil that works as a great moisturizer by softening the upper layer of the skin. Due to the high linoleic acid content, can help reduce inflammation in skin CRITHMUM MARITIMUM CALLUS CULTURE FILTRATEA plant cell extract that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have some anti-oxidant properties MYRISTOYL PENTAPEPTIDE-8A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles MYRISTYL MYRISTATEAn emollient. Is not recommended for acne-prone skin as it can be comedogenic N-ACETYL DIHYDROSPHINGOSINE AHNFELTIOPSIS CONCINNA EXTRACTHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin N-PROLYL PALMITOYL TRIPEPTIDE-56 ACETATEA type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles CORALLINA OFFICINALIS EXTRACTRed algae extract that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might contain antioxidants TETRAPEPTIDE-5A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles AHNFELTIA CONCINNA EXTRACTAn algae extract that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Also used to create a thicker product texture COPPER TRIPEPTIDE-1A naturally occurring peptide. One of the most studied peptides in dermatology. It is sometimes abbreviated GHK-Cu. Belongs to the class of carrier peptides. It stimulates both synthesis and breakdown of collagen in skin. It is released in skin wounds and inflammation to support healing. It accelerates wound-healing of the skin and can stimulate hair growth. There are preliminary studies that confirm that copper tripeptide can help support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles and decrease inflammation in skin. TETRAPEPTIDE-7A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles NIACINA form of vitamin B3. It is similar in action to niacinamide, but is more likely to cause red flashes in skin as the side effect COPPER PCAHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin COPPER PALMITOYL HEPTAPEPTIDE-14A synthetic peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles. Can help speed up wound healing LACTOBIONIC ACIDA polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that helps shed dead cells from the surface of the skin revealing a smoother, more even skin. PHAs tend to be gentler on the skin compared to AHAs (for example, glycolic acid). It also has hydrating properties and helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. It can help calm down inflammation in skin and support restoration of the barrier function. It has an anti-oxidant effect as well. It can help reduce fine line, wrinkles and improve skin elasticity TETRADECYL AMINOBUTYROYLVALYLAMINOBUTYRIC UREA TRIFLUOROACETATEA peptide. It helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin, support skin's barrier function and might have some slight anti-aging effect through stimulating skin's own production of hyaluronic acid LACTOCOCCUS FERMENT LYSATEConsists of remains of dead bacteria cells. Is likely helpful in attracting water to the upper layer of the skin. Might be helpful in reducing inflammation and neutralizing free radicals in skin ALCALIGENES POLYSACCHARIDESHelp attract water to the upper layer of the skin DIPEPTIDE-1A type of peptide. Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have anti-aging benefits LACTOPEROXIDASEHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. In theory, could support healthy skin's microbiome, but evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking 1-TRIMETHYL-2-CYCLOHEXENYL-1-PENTEN-3-ONE LAMINARIA JAPONICA EXTRACTSeaweed extract that might help to attract water to the upper layer of the skin and have some anti-oxidant properties LAMINARIA OCHROLEUCA EXTRACTHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin DIPEPTIDE DIAMINOBUTYROYL BENZYLAMIDE DIACETATEA type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles LAMINARIA SACCHARINA EXTRACTA seaweed extract that contains sugars and can be helpful in attracting water to the upper layers of the skin if used in high enough concentrations LANOLINSebum of wool-bearing animals (most commonly sheep). Helps soften the upper layer of the skin and reduce the skin water loss. In rare cases could be an allergen. Not suitable for vegans LANOLIN OILSebum of wool-bearing animals (most commonly sheep). Helps soften the upper layer of the skin and reduce the skin water loss. In rare cases could be an allergen. Not suitable for vegans LAUROYL SH-OLIGOPEPTIDE-33A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles LAURYL PCAHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin DIMETHICONOLA silicone that makes products more spreadable and keeps skin smooth. Helps to add gloss to skin and may visually fill in fine lines/wrinkles for short time LIMNANTHES ALBA SEED OILThis oil's cmposition is closest to rapeseed oil. It is a very stable oil and serves as an emoillient LINOLEIC ACIDAn excellent emollient. Helps soften the skin, restore its barrier function, and can help to calm down inflammation. It can be helpful to prevent blemishes and clogged pores DIMETHICONEA silicone that helps to reduce water loss from the surface of the skin. Can temporarily "fill in" lines and wrinkles, absorb oil, and create a nice product finish LINOLENIC ACIDAn emollient that helps soften the skin and calm down inflammation ZEA MAYS OILA good moisturizing plant oil. Due to the high linoleic acid content, it helps soften the upper layer of the skin, reduce water loss and support skin barrier function DILINOLEIC ACID ACETYL DIPEPTIDE-1 CETYL ESTERA type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles LYSINEAn amino-acid that helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin. In combination with other amino-acids, might help to reduce fine lines and wrinkles DIGLYCERINHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin LYSINE HCL LYSOPHOSPHATIDIC ACIDA phospholipid. It is naturally present in skin and plays a signaling role there. It is involved in cell prolifiratio, skin inflammatory responses and wound healing. In cosmetics, it might help to support the skin barrier function MADECASSIC ACIDAn active compound of Centella Asiatica plant extract. In combination with other active compounds of Centella Asiatica extract (asiaticoside, madecasosside and asiatic acid), madecassic acid has been shown to be helpful in wound-healing, restoring skin barrier function and supporting collagen production in skin. It can, however, itself be irritating MADECASSOSIDEAn antioxidant that is typically derived from plant Centella Asiatica. It can help neutralize free radicals in skin and support skin barrier function. It could, however, itself be irritating. It is often unstable in formulations DEXTRANHelps attract water to the most upper layer of the skin. Derived from sugar DECAPEPTIDE-22A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles DECAPEPTIDE-1A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles MAGNESIUM CARBOXYMETHYL BETA-GLUCANHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin ARGININE HCLAn amino acid that is naturally present in skin and helps keep it hydrated. When used together with AHAs, it can reduce their irritating effect on the skin SH-POLYPEPTIDE-45A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles ARGININEAn amino acid that is naturally present in skin and helps keep it hydrated. When used together with AHAs, it can reduce their irritating effect on the skin SH-POLYPEPTIDE-59 ARGANIA SPINOSA SPROUT CELL EXTRACTPlant stem cell extract. Can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals SH-POLYPEPTIDE-7 ARGANIA SPINOSA KERNEL OILAn emollient that helps soften the upper layer of the skin. Might have some weak anti-oxidant properties SH-POLYPEPTIDE-8A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles SH-POLYPEPTIDE-9A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles SHOREA ROBUSTA SEED BUTTERHelps to softent the upper layer of the skin SHOREA STENOPTERA SEED BUTTERHelps soften the upper layer of the skin and can be helpful in restoring the skin barrier function APHANIZOMENON FLOS-AQUAE EXTRACTAn extract from ablue-green algae. Can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might help to neutralize free radicals ANHYDROXYLITOLHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and repair the skin barrir function SIMMONDSIA CHINENSIS BUTTERHelps soften the upper layer of the skin SIMMONDSIA CHINENSIS SEED EXTRACTPlant oil that helps soften the upper layer of the skin SIMMONDSIA CHINENSIS SEED OILSoftens the upper layer of skin and helps restore the healthy skin barrier. Has shown to help calm down inflammation in skin. It is a stable oil, meaning that it retains its properties even when exposed to air. SISYMBRIUM IRIO SEED OILA plant oil that helps soften the upper layer of the skin. Could help reduce inflammation due to high content of linolenic acid SNAIL SECRETION FILTRATETypically contains hyaluronic acid that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Might contain allantoin that is helpful in calming down inflammation. There is no evidence that it can have any further benefits for the skin, especially when used in skincare products AMINOBUTYRIC ACIDHas been shown to support wound healing and skin barrier function when used topically in rats. Is likely to be effective in supporting skin's hydration and barrier function, but research for human skin is missing. Might have some anti-aging properties but the research is missing SODIUM ACETYLATED HYALURONATEA type of hyaluronic acid that works as an excellent moisturizer by attracting water into the upper layer of the skin. Is typically feels less sticky on the skin compared to the usual hyaluronic acid ALTHAEA OFFICINALIS ROOT EXTRACTA plant extract that can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might help to reduce inflammation SODIUM CHONDROITIN SULFATEIs naturally present in skin. Helps to attract water to its upper layer SODIUM HYALURONATEOne of the best moisturizing ingredients. Attracts water into the upper layer of the skin SODIUM HYALURONATE CROSSPOLYMERAttracts water into the upper layer of the skin SODIUM LACTATEHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Is often used to adjust the pH level of the product SODIUM PCANaturally present in skin and helps to attract water to its upper layer ALTEROMONAS FERMENT EXTRACTA marine extract that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. It is claimed to have anti-inflammatory properties but research is lacking SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM SEED OILA good emollient that helps soften the upper layer of the skin and, due to the high linoleic acid content, can support the skin's barrier function GLUCONOLACTONEA polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that helps shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. Is believed to be genter than AHAs. It helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and can stimulate production of skin's own hyaluronic acid resulting in improved hydration levels. It has been shown to be helpful against acne and clogged pores if used consistently (e.g over a period of 12 weeks) in high enough concentration. It can help reduce fine lines and wrinkles and improve skin tone with long-term application. Can help neutralize free radicals SOLUBLE COLLAGENA typically plant-derived compound that is supposed mimic human collagen. Cannot penetrate the skin barrier so is not particularly useful in skincare products beyond attracting water to the upper layer of the skin GLUCOSAMINE HCLMight be able to stimulate production of skin's natural moisturizing compounds such as hyaluronic acid. Could be helpful for evening the skin tone.GLUCOSE OXIDASEHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin GLUCOSYL CERAMIDE GLUCOSYL CERAMIDE NP GLUTAMIC ACIDAn amino-acid that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin SOY AMINO ACIDSHelp attract water to the upper layer of the skin GLUTATHIONEA peptide that can help neutralize free radicals in skin and reduce melanin production resulting in skin lightening effect and reduction in hyperpigmentation. It can also help attract moisture to the upper layer of the skin GLYCERINOne of the best moisturizing ingredients. Naturally present in skin. It attracts water to the upper layer of the skin working as a humectant GLYCERYL ACRYLATE/ACRYLIC ACID COPOLYMERHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and provide a longer-lasting hydration. Can create a thicker product consistency GLYCERYL GLUCOSIDECan help to restore skin barrier function and soften its upper layer GLYCINEHelps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin and can help restore the skin barrier function GLYCINE SOJA OILA good emollient that helps soften the skin and helps repair its barrier function GLUCONIC ACIDA polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that helps shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. Is believed to be genter than AHAs. It helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and can stimulate production of skin's own hyaluronic acid resulting in imporved hydration levels. It has been shown to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Might help reduce fine lines and wrinkles and improve skin tone with long-term application. Can help neutralize free radicals SPHINGOLIPIDSSphingolipids are a group of lipids with a common chemical structure. Some of them are naturally present in skin and can be converted to ceramides GLYCINE SOJA STEROLSAn emollient that helps soften the skin GLYCOGENHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin GELIDIELLA ACEROSA EXTRACTAn algae extract that can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and have some anti-oxidant properties GLYCOPROTEINS GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANSLong sugars that help attract water to the upper layer of the skin GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDSA type of lipids naturally present in skin. They can be converted to ceramides in skin GLYCOSYL TREHALOSE GANODERMA LUCIDUM EXTRACTHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin ALPHA-GLUCAN OLIGOSACCHARIDEHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin VITIS VINIFERA OILA great emollient that can also have anti-oxidant properties GRIFOLA FRONDOSA FRUITING BODY EXTRACTMushroom extract that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might be able to stimulate sebum production in skin GUAIAZULENEA blue-colored ingredient that is traditionally used as a colorant. It has anti-inflammatory properties. For example, it is successfully used to treat diaper rash for new borns. It can help support the skin barrier by reducing inflammation 10-HYDROXYDECANOIC ACIDHelps soften the upper layer of the skin and slow down the water loss from its surface SQUALANEAn oil naturally present in skin. Works as an emollient to soften the skin and form a protective layer on its surface without a greasy feeling. HALIDRYS SILIQUOSA EXTRACTExtract from large brown algae that can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin GALACTOMYCES FERMENT FILTRATEA yeast ferment filtrate (also known as Pitera - a trademarked name for the filtrate reserved by the SK-II brand). It helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin, can help neutralize antioxidants and can be helpful in evening out the skin tone. It might be somewhat helpful in preventing premature skin aging but solid evidence is lacking. A small manufacturer study also shows that, when used in high concentrations, it can help reduce sebum production and help against blocked pores GALACTOARABINANHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin FRUCTOSEHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin FRUCTOOLIGOSACCHARIDESHelp attract water to the upper layer of the skin HELIANTHUS ANNUUS EXTRACTHelps soften the upper layer of the skin HELIANTHUS ANNUUS HYBRID OILHelps soften the upper layer of the skin HELIANTHUS ANNUUS SEED CERAHelps soften the upper layer of the skin HELIANTHUS ANNUUS SEED OILA great emollient due to its high linoleic acid content. One of the most effective plant oils in helping skin hydration and repairing skin barrier function HELIANTHUS ANNUUS SEED OIL UNSAPONIFIABLESA great emollient due to its high linoleic acid content. One of the most effective plant oils in helping skin hydration and repairing skin barrier function HELIANTHUS ANNUUS SEED WAXHelps soften the upper layer of the skin and support skin's barrier function while creating a thicker product consistency HELIANTHUS ANNUUS SPROUT EXTRACTHelps soften the upper layer of the skin and can help support the skin barrier FRAGARIA ANANASSA SEED OILHelps soften the upper layer of the skin HEPTAPEPTIDE-15 PALMITATEA type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles SQUALENEAn oil that is naturally part of skin sebum that helps to soften its upper layer, reduce water loss and neutralize free radicals. It might be comedogenic. Avoid applying large concentrations (or pure oil) before sun exposure as oxidized squalene can clog pores and lead to skin irritation. Today squalene is mostly derived from vegetable oils or synthetized by yeast FERULOYL OLIGOPEPTIDE-33A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles HEXANOYL DIPEPTIDE-3 NORLEUCINE ACETATEA type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles HEXAPEPTIDE-11A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles HEXAPEPTIDE-2A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles FERRIC HEXAPEPTIDE-35A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles FAEX EXTRACTYeast extract. Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin HEXAPEPTIDE-3A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles HEXAPEPTIDE-33A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles FAEXYeast extract. Helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin HEXAPEPTIDE-42A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles EUPHORBIA CERIFERA CERAHelps soften the upper layer of the skin and thickens the product's texture ETHYLHEXYL HYDROXYSTEARATEHelps soften the upper layer of the skin and reduce water loss from it HEXAPEPTIDE-48 HCLA type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles ETHYL LINOLEATEHelps reduce acne and blemishes. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and reduce inflammation. Might be helpful in reducing hyperpigmentation and evening out the skin tone, but evidence of effectiveness in skin are lacking HEXAPEPTIDE-9A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles STEARYL DIMETHICONEHelps soften the upper layer of the skin SUCROSECan help attract water to the upper layer of the skin. In crystal form, it can work as a gentle exfoliant, gentler than the salt scrub. Helps stabilize the emulsion HIPPOPHAE RHAMNOIDES OILA good emollient. Contains various ingredients including vitamins and fatty acids that could work in the skin to neutralize free radicals and minimize moisture loss - if enough of these compounds is able to penetrate the skin in an active form. HISTIDINE HISTIDINE HCLA salt of an amino-acid that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Might be helpful in restoring the skin barrier function ACETYL GLUCOSAMINEAn effective moisturizing ingredient that also has been shown to be effective in evening out the skin tone and reducing hyperpigmentation. It can help somewhat reduce wrinkles in skin HYALURONIC ACIDOne of the best moisturizing ingredients. Attracts water into the upper layer of the skin. Naturally present in skin. Typically has large molecule size unless advertised otherwise on the product label. Helps support skin's barrier function and may help to reduce inflammation HYDROGENATED JOJOBA OILHelps soften the upper layer of the skin HYDROGENATED SUNFLOWER SEED OIL HYDROLYZED ALGAE EXTRACTHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin HYDROLYZED COLLAGENA typically plant-derived compound that is supposed mimic human collagen. Cannot penetrate the skin barrier so is not particularly useful in skincare products beyond attracting water to the upper layer of the skin SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASEAn antioxidant enzyme that is naturally present in skin. It can help support skin barrier function and reduce inflammation in skin. It is used in topical medications for inflammatory skin conditions including atopic dermatitis (eczema) and psoriasis. There are three types of natural Superoxide Dismutase in human skin. The compound used in topical treatments and cosmetics are mimics of typically one of these natural variants ERYTHRITOLHelps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin HYDROLYZED GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANSLong sugars that help attract water to the upper layer of the skin HYDROLYZED HYALURONIC ACIDOne of the best moisturizing ingredients. Attracts water into the upper layer of the skin. A version of it is naturally present in skin HYDROLYZED JOJOBA ESTERSHelps soften the upper layer of the skin HYDROLYZED JOJOBA PROTEINHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin HYDROLYZED LINSEED EXTRACTHelps soften the upper layer of the skin ALLANTOINHelps calm down inflammation in skin and can help reduce itching. Helps to repair the skin barrier and keep skin hydrated VITIS VINIFERA SEED OILA great emollient that can also have anti-oxidant properties HYDROLYZED SODIUM HYALURONATEAttracts water into the upper layer of the skin SYNTHETIC BEESWAXHelps soften the upper layer of the skin HYDROLYZED YEAST EXTRACTHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have some anti-oxidant and skin lightening properties XYLITYLGLUCOSIDEHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and repair the skin barrier function HYDROXYDECYL UBIQUINONEAn analogue of coenzyme Q10 that has a lower molecular weight, which can improve its ability to penetrate the skin. It helps neutralize free radicals in skin, improves skin hydration and might be helpful agains fine lines and wrinkles. It can be an allergen YEAST EXTRACTHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have some anti-oxidant and skin lightening properties. It can help calm down inflammation in skin HYDROXYETHYL UREAA derivative of urea, a compound that is naturally present in skin. Attracts water to the upper layer of the skin. Can enhance penetration of other ingredients ALGAE EXTRACTPlant extract that helps the skin to attract water and make it more smooth for touch. Also shows promise of anti-aging properties, but research is not extensive yet HYDROXYPALMITOYL SPHINGANINEA type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin EMU OILHelps soften the upper layer of the skin HYDROXYPROLINEIs helpful in restoring skin barrier function supporting its moisture levels. Is claimed to stimulte collagen production in skin but evidence is lacking HYDROXYPROPYL BISPALMITAMIDE MEA HYDROXYPROPYL TETRAHYDROPYRANTRIOLA sugar-derived compound that helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might be able to stimulate synthesis of skin's own moisturizing factors, but solid research is lacking. It could be irritating ALEURITES MOLUCCANUS SEED OILHelps soften the upper layer of the skin ELAEIS GUINEENSIS BUTTERA type of palm oil. Helps soften the upper layer of the skin ACETYL FARNESYLCYSTEINEA synthetic amino-acid that might help calm down inflammation in skin and reduce its irritation, but conclusive studies are not available at the moment. It can help to attract water to the upper layer of the skin and support skin barrier ECTOINSoftens the upper layer of the skin and can support skin barrier function IMPERATA CYLINDRICA ROOT EXTRACTA plat extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin and attract water to its upper layer INOSITOL INULINHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Is claimed to support the growth of "good" bacteria in skin (as a "prebiotic"), but the research is lacking ISOCETYL STEARATEAn emollient that helps soften the skin ISOLEUCINEAn amino acid that can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and support skin's barrier function ISOMALTHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin ISOPROPYL MYRISTATEAn emollient that helps soften the skin. Could be comedogenic ECHIUM PLANTAGINEUM SEED OILA plant oil that because of its high content of alpha-linolenic acid help support skin barrier function and moisturize the skin ISOSORBIDE DICAPRYLATEHelps soften the upper layer of the skin. Early studies suggest that it can help strengthen the skin barrier JOJOBA ALCOHOL JOJOBA ESTERSAn emollient made of jojoba oil. Helps soften the skin and support its barrier function JUGLANS REGIA SEED OILHelps to soften the upper layer of the skin KAPPAPHYCUS ALVAREZII EXTRACTA red algae extract that can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have some antioxidant properties LACTIC ACIDAn exfoliating and moisturizing alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA). Typically causes less irritation than other AHAs, for example, glycolic acid. At high concentrations (about 15%), lactic acid can help reduce lines and wrinkles. Recent studies show that lactic acid can support the "good" bacteria living on skin's surface (healthy skin microbiom) LACTOBACILLUSA non-living ingredient made by fermentation with the bacteria Lactobacillus. It can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might help reduce inflammation DIPOTASSIUM GLYCYRRHIZATEA salt derived from licorice. Works as an emollient to soften the upper layer of the skin and can help calm down inflammation. Might be helpful for skin lightening LACTOBACILLUS FERMENTA fermentation product created by bacteria Lactobacillus. The fermented product has anti-bacterial properties and might be helpful in calming down inflammation, but studies are lacking. Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Can be used as a preservative TERMINALIA FERDINANDIANA SEED OILHelps soften the upper layer of the skin LACTOBACILLUS FERMENT FILTRATEHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might support the healthy skin microbiome LACTOBACILLUS/ARUNDINARIA GIGANTEA LEAF FERMENT FILTRATEFermented bamboo. Is used to create a nice product texture. Might have some antioxidant effect TETRAACETYLPHYTOSPHINGOSINE LACTOBACILLUS/KELP FERMENT FILTRATE DIPEPTIDE-8A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles LACTOBACILLUS/RICE FERMENT FILTRATEA fermentation product created by bacteria Lactobacillus out of rice. The fermented product helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. It has anti-bacterial properties and might be helpful in calming down inflammation, but studies are lacking DIPEPTIDE-4A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles DIPEPTIDE-2A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles NIACINAMIDEIs proven to be effective in reducing blemishes, evening out skin tone and helping to improve lines and wrinkles. It helps the skin to repair sun damage, calm down inflammation and keep maintain good levels of moisture COPPER HEPTAPEPTIDE-14 PANTOTHENATEA type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles NIACINAMIDE/YEAST POLYPEPTIDEA type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles NICOTIANA BENTHAMIANA HEXAPEPTIDE-40 SH-OLIGOPEPTIDE-1A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles NICOTIANA BENTHAMIANA HEXAPEPTIDE-40 SH-POLYPEPTIDE-76A fusion peptide that combines peptides produced by human and plant cells. It might have anti-aging effect in skin and can help the skin moisturization NICOTIANA BENTHAMIANA SH-POLYPEPTIDE-15 HEXAPEPTIDE-40 COPPER GLUCONATETypically used to stabilize the product formulations. It is a salt of polyhydroxy acid (PHA) and in larger concentrations, can help shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. It can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Might to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Could be helpful in neutralizing free radicals, but solid research is missing NICOTINOYL TRIPEPTIDE-1A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles COPERNICIA CERIFERA WAXHelps to soften the upper layer of the skin and create a nice product consistency NIGELLA SATIVA SEED OILHelps soften the upper layer of the skin and support the skin's barrier due to the high content of linoleic acid NONAPEPTIDE-1A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles THEOBROMA CACAO SEED BUTTERHelps soften the upper layer of the skin and can be helpful in restoring the skin barrier function. Might have some anti-oxidant effect COLLOIDAL OATMEAL EXTRACTHelps to restore skin barrier function, soften the upper layer of the skin and calm down inflammation OCTAPEPTIDE-2A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles COLLOIDAL OATMEALHelps to restore skin barrier function, soften the upper layer of the skin and calm down inflammation OCTAPEPTIDE-7A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles OCTYLDODECYL NEOPENTANOATEAn emollient that helps soften the skin. Often used to stabilize other ingredients, for example, sunscreen OENOTHERA BIENNIS OILHelps soften the upper layer of the skin and can support skin barrier function THEOBROMA GRANDIFLORUM SEED BUTTERHelps soften the upper layer of the skin and might as well help to attract moisture to its upper layer COLLAGEN AMINO ACIDSHelp attract water to the upper layer of the skin, soften it and support the skin barrier function ADANSONIA DIGITATA OILBaobab oil. Helps soften the upper layer of the skin COCOS NUCIFERA OILAn emollient. Found to be as effective as a moisturizer for dry skin as mineral oil. Could be comedogenic ACETYL DECAPEPTIDE-3A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles COCOS NUCIFERA FRUIT EXTRACTAn emollient. Found to be as effective as a moisturizer for dry skin as mineral oil. Could be comedogenic CITRULLINEAn amino-acid that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin OLEOYL DIPEPTIDE-15A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles OLEOYL TETRAPEPTIDE-31A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles CHONDRUS CRISPUS EXTRACTRed algae extract that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and create a nicer product consistency OLIGOPEPTIDE-1A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles OLIGOPEPTIDE-10A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles CHONDRUS CRISPUSRed algae extract that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and create a nicer product consistency CHOLESTEROLAn emollient that is naturally found in skin OLIGOPEPTIDE-24A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles CHLORELLA PROTOTHECOIDES OILAn emollient. Is unlikely to have additional benefits for the skin OLIGOPEPTIDE-3A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles OLIGOPEPTIDE-30A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles CHENOPODIUM QUINOA SEED OILA plant oil that contains a high percentage of linoleic acid. It softens the upper layer of the skin and can help strengthen the skin barrier OLIGOPEPTIDE-31A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles CHENOPODIUM QUINOA SEED EXTRACTHelps soften the upper layer of the skin OLIGOPEPTIDE-32A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles CETYLHYDROXYPROLINE PALMITAMIDEA type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin OLIGOPEPTIDE-33A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles CETYL DIMETHICONEA type of silicone. Helps soften the upper layer of the skin and creates a nice, light product texture OLIGOPEPTIDE-34A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles OLIGOPEPTIDE-35A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles CERAMIDE NS DILAURATE OLIGOPEPTIDE-4A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles CERAMIDE NSA type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin OLIGOPEPTIDE-41A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles CERAMIDE NPA type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin OLIGOPEPTIDE-5A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles OLIGOPEPTIDE-68A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles CERAMIDE NG DILAURATE CERAMIDE NGA type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin OLIGOPEPTIDE-9 THERMUS THERMOPHILLUS FERMENTMight be helpful in neutralising free radicals in skin and have some hydration properties OPUNTIA FICUS-INDICA SEED OILA plant oil that helps soften the upper layer of the skin and can support skin's barrier function due to its high content of linoleic acid. It also has anti-microbial properties CERAMIDE EOSA type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin ORBIGNYA OLEIFERA SEED OILA plant oil that can help soften the upper layer of the skin. Might be helpful in calming down inflammation in skin ORNITHINEAn amino-acid. Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin ORYZA SATIVA BRAN OILHelps soften the upper layer of the skin and might have some anti-oxidant properties ACETYLPHYTOSPHINGOSINE PADINA PAVONICA EXTRACTAn algae extract. Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin ACETYL TYROSINAMIDEAn amino acid derivative. A manufacturer's study shows that it can help somewhat reduce wrinkles when used in combination with a low concentration of glycolic acid. No independent human in-vivo studies of this compound are available THREONINEAn amino-acid that helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin. In combination with other amino-acids, might help to reduce fine lines and wrinkles PALMARIA PALMATA EXTRACTRed algae extract that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin ACETYL TETRAPEPTIDE-9A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles CERAMIDE EOPA type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin PALMITOYL DECAPEPTIDE-21 CERAMIDE ASA type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin PALMITOYL DIPEPTIDE-10A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles CERAMIDE APA type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin CERAMIDE AG PALMITOYL DIPEPTIDE-5 DIAMINOBUTYROYL HYDROXYTHREONINE ACETYL TETRAPEPTIDE-5A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles CERAMIDE 6 IIA type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin PALMITOYL HEPTAPEPTIDE-18 CERAMIDE 5 PALMITOYL HEXAPEPTIDE-12A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles CERAMIDE 4 PALMITOYL HEXAPEPTIDE-14 PALMITOYL HEXAPEPTIDE-19A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles CERAMIDE 3A type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin CERAMIDE 2A type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin PALMITOYL HEXAPEPTIDE-52A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles CERAMIDE 1 A PALMITOYL OLIGOPEPTIDEA type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles CERAMIDE 1A type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin PALMITOYL PENTAPEPTIDE-4A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles CERA MICROCRISTALLINAHelps to soften the upper layer of the skin, reduce water loss from its surface and create a thicker product consistency PALMITOYL PROLINEAn amino-acid that helps attract watet to the upper layer of the skin and might have some anti-aging properties CERA ALBAForms a protective barrier that holds water and keeps dry skin hydrated. Keeps an emulsion from separating into its oil and liquid components, and increases the thickness of a product. Can be an allergen PALMITOYL SH-TRIPEPTIDE-4 AMIDEA type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles PALMITOYL SH-TRIPEPTIDE-5 NORISOLEUCYL SH-NONAPEPTIDE-1 CENTELLA ASIATICA LEAF CELL EXTRACTA plant extract that has been shown to be able to reduce inflammation in skin, support restoration of skin barrier function, as well as support collagen production. It can be irritating to sensitive skin. Might be helpful in preventing stretch marks. It could, however, itself be irritating.PALMITOYL TETRAPEPTIDE-50 CENTELLA ASIATICA FLOWER/LEAF/STEM EXTRACTA plant extract that has been shown to be able to reduce inflammation in skin, support restoration of skin barrier function, as well as support collagen production. Contains active compounds called centelloids: asiaticoside, madecasosside, asiatic acid and madecassic acid. Might be helpful in preventing stretch marks. It can be itself be irritating though. PALMITOYL TETRAPEPTIDE-7A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles PALMITOYL TRIPEPTIDE-1A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles CENTELLA ASIATICA EXTRACTA plant extract that has been shown to be able to reduce inflammation in skin, support restoration of skin barrier function, as well as support collagen production. Contains active compounds called centelloids: asiaticoside, madecasosside, asiatic acid and madecassic acid. Might be helpful in preventing stretch marks. It can be itself be irritating though. PALMITOYL TRIPEPTIDE-1 ACETATE PALMITOYL TRIPEPTIDE-28 CARYODENDRON ORINOCENSE SEED OILA plant oil with a high content of linoleic acid that helps soften the upper layer of the skin and helps strengthen the skin barrier. It is an excellent moisturizer. Might have an anti-oxidant effect CARYOCAR BRASILIENSE FRUIT OILHelps soften the upper layer of the skin. Can contain an essential oil that can be irritating CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS SEED OILAn emollient that helps soften the skin and might help calm down inflammation PALMITOYL TRIPEPTIDE-37 CARNOSINEA type of peptide. It attracts water to the upper layer of the skin. It can help neutralize free radicals in skin combatting the sun damage PALMITOYL TRIPEPTIDE-38A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles PALMITOYL TRIPEPTIDE-4A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles PALMITOYL TRIPEPTIDE-5A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles PALMITOYL TRIPEPTIDE-56A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles CAPRYLIC/CAPRIC TRIGLYCERIDEA good mix of fatty acids that forms a protective layer on the skin. Improves the shelf life of products. Derived from coconut and glycerin PALMITOYL TRIPEPTIDE-8 ACETYL CYCLOHEXAPEPTIDE-34A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles CAPROOYL TETRAPEPTIDE-3A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles ZINC PALMITOYL NONAPEPTIDE-14 PANTETHINEHelps to hydrate the skin by improving its barrier funciton CAPROOYL SPHINGOSINEA component of ceramides. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin PANTHENOLHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and can help improve skin barrier function PANTHENYL ETHYL ETHERHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and can help improve skin barrier function PANTHENYL TRIACETATEA stable oil-soluble derivative of vitamin B5. It can help support skin barrier and reduce inflammation in skin CAPROOYL PHYTOSPHINGOSINEA component of ceramides. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin PANTOLACTONEHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin PANTOTHENIC ACIDHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and may help reduce inflammation in skin CANNABIS SATIVA SEED OILA plant oil that due to its high linoleic acid content can help strengthen skin's barrier function and soften its upper layer PANTOTHENIC ACID/YEAST POLYPEPTIDE PARACHLORELLA BEIJERINCKII EXOPOLYSACCHARIDESCompounds extracted from green algae that could help neutralize free radicals, but evidence of effectiveness in skincare products (topical applicaiton) is missing. Helps moisturize the skin by attracting water to its upper layer ACER SACCHARUM SAP EXTRACTHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin PARAFFINUM LIQUIDUMOne of the most effective and well studied occlusive and emollient moisturizing ingredients. Helps reduce moisture loss in skin and repair skin barrier function PASSIFLORA EDULIS SEED OILA good emollient helping to soften the skin. Might have some anti-oxidant properties. Adds a fragrance to the product PCANaturally present in skin and helps to attract water to its upper layer PEG-10 DIMETHICONEA silicone that works to soften the upper layer of the skin and reduce its water loss PEG/PPG-18/18 DIMETHICONEA silicone that mixes with water creating nice light-weight product texture PENTAERYTHRITYL TETRACAPRYLATE/TETRACAPRATEAn emollient that helps soften the skin CANNABIS SATIVA SEED EXTRACT PENTAPEPTIDE-18A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles CANNABIDIOL - SYNTHETICALLY PRODUCEDCBD. Can bind to skin cell receptors and can reduce inflammation, itching, and help support skin barrier function PENTAPEPTIDE-28 ZINC PCAA compound that combines zinc with a hydrating ingredient PCA. Might to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Can help calm down inflammation in skin. Could be helpful in reducing the formation of free radicals in skin. Might help to reduce fine lines in wrinkles, but solid evidence is missing PENTAPEPTIDE-34 TRIFLUOROACETATEA type of peptide that works as a great moisturizer. It might also have some anti-aging effect and help neutralize free radicals in skin CANNABIDIOL - DERIVED FROM EXTRACT OR TINCTURE OR RESIN OF CANNABISCBD. Can bind to skin cell receptors and can reduce inflammation, itching, and help support skin barrier function PENTAPEPTIDE-4A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles PENTAPEPTIDE-48A type of peptide. Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have anti-aging benefits PENTAPEPTIDE-59 CAMELLIA SINENSIS SEED OILA plant oil that helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and can help restore the skin barrier. Might have some anti-oxidant effect ACETYL TETRAPEPTIDE-3A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles TREHALOSEA sugar that attracts water to the upper layer of the skin PERSEA GRATISSIMA FRUIT EXTRACT PERSEA GRATISSIMA OILAn emollient that helps soften the skin and could be helpful in repairing its barrier function PERSEA GRATISSIMA OIL UNSAPONIFIABLESHelps soften the upper layer of the skin PETROLATUMOne of the most effective and the most studied occlusive ingredients that creates a protective layer on top of the skin preventing moisture loss 7-DEHYDROCHOLESTEROLPro-vitamin D. It is claimed to have anti-inflammatory effect in skin, but there is no research available confirming that this compound converts to vitamin D in skin or has any other benefits apart from softening the upper layer of the skin. This compound is different from the Vitamin D3 analogues used in medicine to treat psoriasis CAMELLIA OLEIFERA SEED OILAn emollient that does not leave a greasy finish PHENYL TRIMETHICONEA type of silicone that can decrease loss of moisture from the skin surface. It helps create a nice product texture CAMELINA SATIVA SEED OILHelps soften the upper layer of the skin TREMELLA FUCIFORMIS SPOROCARP EXTRACTMushroom extract that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin PHOSPHATIDYLGLYCEROLHelps soften the upper layer of the skin. It might help reduce inflammation and support the barrier function. This compound is naturally present in animal and plant tissue TRIACETYL RETINOYL PHYTOSPHINGOSINE CALCIUM PCAHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin CALCIUM PANTOTHENATEHelps support skin barrier function improving skin hydration and reducing sensitivity PHYTOSPHINGOSINEA type of lipid that is naturally present in skin. It might help in repairing skin barrier function and has anti-bacterial effect PHYTOSPHINGOSINE GLYCOLATE PHYTOSTEROLSLipids that work as an emollient and can be helpful in repairing skin barrier function PHYTOSTERYL MACADAMIATEHelps soften the upper layer of the skin PHYTOSTERYL/OCTYLDODECYL LAUROYL GLUTAMATEA mix of amino acids and plant-based lipids. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and reduce water loss over time TRIETHYLHEXANOINHelps soften the upper layer of the skin ACETYL TETRAPEPTIDE-2A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles PIPTADENIA COLUBRINA PEEL EXTRACTHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Preliminary research has shown that the extract contains chemicals that might be able to support skin hydration in other ways, but the evidence is lacking PISTACIA VERA SEED OILHelps soften the upper layer of the skin C13-16 ISOPARAFFINIs mostly used to dissolve other ingredients. Helps soften the upper layer of the skin. It might be comedogenic when used in high concentrations PISUM SATIVUM PEPTIDE BUTYROSPERMUM PARKII OIL TRIFLUOROACETYL TRIPEPTIDE-2A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles TRIHEPTANOINA synthetic triglyceride. Helps soften the upper layer of the skin PLUKENETIA VOLUBILIS SEED OILA plant oil that works as a good moisturizer by softening the upper layer of the skin. Might be helpful in reducing inflammation in skin and reducing blemishes due to the large content of linoleic acid TRIMETHYL PHYTOSPHINGOSINE IODIDE POLYGLUTAMIC ACIDHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. POLYGLYCERIN-3Helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin POLYGLYCERYL-2 DIPOLYHYDROXYSTEARATEHelps to soften the upper layer of the skin TRIOLEINHelps soften the upper layer of the skin BUTYROSPERMUM PARKII BUTTER UNSAPONIFIABLESA great moisturizing ingredient that softens the skin and reduces water loss from its upper layer. It also can be helpful in protecting skin from free radicals ACETYL TETRAPEPTIDE-17A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles TRIPEPTIDE-1A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles POLYMETHYLSILSESQUIOXANEA silicone that improves product texture and helps dissolve other ingredients. Can form a non-greasy film on the skin to prevent moisture loss TRIPEPTIDE-10 ACETYL TETRAPEPTIDE-15A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles ACETYL TETRAPEPTIDE-11A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles BUTYROSPERMUM PARKII BUTTER EXTRACTA great moisturising ingredient that softens the skin and reduces water loss from its upper layer. It also can be helpful in protecting skin from free radicals TRIPEPTIDE-10 CITRULLINEA type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles PRUNUS AMYGDALUS DULCIS SEEDHelps soften the upper layer of the skin PRUNUS AMYGDALUS DULCIS SEED EXTRACTAlmond extract (oil) - helps soften the upper layer of the skin BUTYROSPERMUM PARKII BUTTERA great moisturising ingredient that softens the skin and reduces water loss from its upper layer. It also can be helpful in protecting skin from free radicals PRUNUS ARMENIACA KERNEL OILAn emollient that helps soften the skin TRIPEPTIDE-13A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles BORAGO OFFICINALIS SEED OILA plant oil that is effective in reducing irritation in skin, restore the barrier function and support its hydration PSEUDOZYMA EPICOLA/CAMELLIA SINENSIS SEED OIL/GLUCOSE/MALT EXTRACT/SOYBEAN FLOUR/YEAST EXTRACT FERMENT FILTRATEHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might help neutralize free radicals ACETYL SH-HEPTAPEPTIDE-1A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles ACETYL OCTAPEPTIDE-3A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles PUNICA GRANATUM SEED EXTRACT TRIPEPTIDE-29 ACETYL HYDROXYPROLINEAn amino-acid that can support ceramides production in skin and reduce water-loss TRIPEPTIDE-3 ACETYL HEXAPEPTIDE-8A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles TRIPEPTIDE-32A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles TRITICUM VULGARE GERM OILA good emoillient. Contains vitamin E which can help neutralise free radicals, however the oil is unstable. Avoid if you have gluten or wheat sensitivity (including food allergies). ACETYL HEXAPEPTIDE-7A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles BIS-DIGLYCERYL POLYACYLADIPATE-2Helps soften the upper layer of the skin and reduce water loss from its surface TROLOXOYL OLIGOPEPTIDE-33 BIOTINOYL TRIPEPTIDE-1A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles BIOSACCHARIDE GUM-1Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and is claimed to provide a longer-lasting hydration because of its ability to create a water-binding film on the surface of the skin TYROSINE BIFIDA FERMENT LYSATEConsists of remains of dead yeast bacteria cells. Helps to hydrate the skin and reduce irritation. Might has some anti-oxidant effect ACETYL HEXAPEPTIDE-49 BETAINEHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and improves the product texture RH-OLIGOPEPTIDE-17 BETA-SITOSTEROLA phytosterol that can support skin's barrier function and help the skin stay hydrated RH-OLIGOPEPTIDE-33 BETA-GLUCANHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin, calm down inflammation and irritation, restore the barrier function and support wound healing. It can be helpful in reducing fine lines and wrinkles RIBES NIGRUM SEED OILAn emollient. Can be helpful for restoring skin barrier function.RICE AMINO ACIDSHelp attract water to the upper layer of the skin RICE FERMENT FILTRATEHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Might have some anti-oxidant properties UBIQUINONECoenzyme Q10. It helps neutralize free radicals in skin, improves skin hydration and might be helpful agains fine lines and wrinkles. It can be an allergen RICINUS COMMUNIS SEED OILA plant oil that can help soften the skin. It might be helpful in calming down inflammation, but solid research is lacking. Is often used in lip products to create the needed product consistency ROSA CANINA FRUIT OILA great emollient. Contains vitamin E (tocopherol) which may give it some anti-oxidant properties. Can contain volatile compounds and can be irritating UNDARIA PINNATIFIDA EXTRACTA seaweed extract that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have an anti-oxidant effect ROSA RUBIGINOSA SEED OILPlant oil that due to the high content of linoleic acid can support skin's barrier function and reduce moisture loss 3-GLYCERYL ASCORBATEA moisturizing vitamin C derivative. It is considered to be one of the most stable ones. It is effective in neutralizing free radicals and can help to even out the skin tone if used in high enough concentration UREANaturally present in skin (urea makes up about 7% of natural moisturizing factors in skin). Attracts water to the upper layer of the skin. Also has a positive effect on the skin barrier beyond the humectant action. Can enhance penetration of other ingredients. Is an exfoliating ingredient when used in high concentrations ACETYL HEXAPEPTIDE-38 ROSA CANINA SEED OILA plant oil that helps soften the upper layer of the skin. It might have anti-oxidant properties. Might help reduce inflammation in skin and help against blemishes ACETYL HEXAPEPTIDE-37A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles SACCHARIDE HYDROLYSATE SACCHARIDE ISOMERATEHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE EXTRACTA moisturizing ingredient that works as a humectant to attract water to the upper layer of the skin. SACCHAROMYCES FERMENTA product of yeast fermentation. Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin SACCHAROMYCES FERMENT FILTRATEA product of yeast fermentation. Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin SACCHAROMYCES FERMENT LYSATE FILTRATEHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin SACCHAROMYCES LYSATE EXTRACTHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Can have some anti-inflammatory effect BEESWAXForms a protective barrier that holds water and keeps dry skin hydrated. Keeps an emulsion from separating into its oil and liquid components, and increases the thickness of a product. Can be an allergen SACCHAROMYCES POLYPEPTIDES VACCINIUM CORYMBOSUM SEED OILHelps soften the upper layer of the skin, support the skin's barrier function and might help neutralize free radicals SACCHAROMYCES/COPPER FERMENTYeast extract that contains copper. Can help to attract water to the upper layer of the skin and can help in skin wound healing SACCHAROMYCES/IMPERATA CYLINDRICA ROOT FERMENT EXTRACTYeast extract obtained from a plant root (cogon grass). It works as an excellent humectant attracting water to the upper layer of the skin. Can have some anti-inflammatory effect BARLEY SH-OLIGOPEPTIDE-1 SACCHAROMYCES/IRON FERMENTYeast extract that contains iron. Can help to attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Evidence of effectiveness for other benefits is missing SACCHAROMYCES/MAGNESIUM FERMENTYeast extract that contains magnesium. Can help to attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Evidence of effectiveness for other benefits is missing SACCHAROMYCES/SILICON FERMENTYeast extract that contains silicon. Can help to attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Evidence of effectiveness for other benefits is missing SACCHAROMYCES/XYLINUM/BLACK TEA FERMENTA fermented sweet black tea. There is no studies on particular benefits of this ingredient in skin. It can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin, and might have some anti-oxidant effect. It is used in skincare for mostly marketing purposes because of the popularity of kombucha drinks SACCHAROMYCES/ZINC FERMENTYeast extract that contains zinc. Can help to attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Evidence of effectiveness for other benefits is missing SACCHARUM OFFICINARUM EXTRACTSugar extract that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin SALICYLOYL PHYTOSPHINGOSINEHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Might have anti-aging benefits but solid study data is lacking BACILLUS FERMENTA product of bacterial fermentation. Can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin OLIGOPEPTIDES AZELAOYL BIS-DIPEPTIDE-10A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles SALVIA HISPANICA SEED SALVIA HISPANICA SEED EXTRACTA plant extract that typically contains linolenic and linoleic acids that help soften the upper layer of the skin and can support skin barrier function SALVIA HISPANICA SEED OILChia seed oil. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and might be helpful in repairing skin barrier VACCINIUM MACROCARPON SEED OILA plant oil that can help neutralize free radicals, soften the upper layer of the skin, and support skin's barrier function ACETYL HEXAPEPTIDE-30A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles 2-OLEAMIDO-1,3-OCTADECANEDIOLHelps soften the upper layer of the skin and slow down the water loss over time SARCOSINEHelps to enhance the penetration of other ingredients and attract water to the upper layer of the skin SCENEDESMUS RUBESCENS EXTRACTA micro-algae extract that might help attract water to the upper layer of the skin, support its barrier function, amd might help neutralize free radicals, but evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking ACETYL HEXAPEPTIDE-1A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles VALPROOYL OLIGOPEPTIDE-33 SCHIZOSACCHAROMYCES POMBE EXTRACTA yeast extract. Can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin VINYL DIMETHICONEA type of silicone that helps to create a nice product texture and soften the upper layer of the skin ACETYL HEPTAPEPTIDE-9A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles SEA WHIP EXTRACTMight help neutrlize free radicals, calm down inflammation, and attract water to the upper layer of the skin AVENA SATIVA KERNEL OILAn effective moisturizing and skin barrier repair ingredient. Helps calm down inflammation and has some anti-oxidant properties SECALE CEREALE SEED EXTRACTRye seed extract. Helps soften the upper layer of the skin SERINEAn amino-acid that helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin. In combination with other amino-acids, might help to reduce fine lines and wrinkles AVENA SATIVA KERNEL EXTRACTAn effective moisturizing and skin barrier repair ingredient. Helps calm down inflammation and has some anti-oxidant properties SESAMUM INDICUM SEED EXTRACTPlant oil that due to its high content of linoleic acid can help support skin's barrier function improving its hydration SESAMUM INDICUM SEED OILA good moisturizing plant oil. Due to the high linoleic acid content, it helps soften the upper layer of the skin, reduce water loss and support skin barrier function ATELOCOLLAGENA protein that helps to attract moisture to the upper layer of the skin and might be helpful in reducing fine lines and wrinkles SH-DECAPEPTIDE-7A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles ASTROCARYUM MURUMURU SEED BUTTERHelps soften the upper layer of the skin. Could be comedogenic due to the myrisic acid content SH-OCTAPEPTIDE-4A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles ASPARTIC ACIDAn amino-acid that helps increase skin hydration and might help to slightly improve skin firmness, potentially reducing lines and wrinkles SH-OLIGOPEPTIDE-1A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles ASPARAGOPSIS ARMATA EXTRACTRed seaweed extract. Can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have some antioxidant effect SH-OLIGOPEPTIDE-2A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles ASIATICOSIDEAn active compound of Centella Asiatica plant extract. In combination with other active compounds of Centella Asiatica extract (madecasosside, asiatic acid and madecassic acid), asiaticoside has been shown to be helpful in wound-healing, restoring skin barrier function and supporting collagen production in skin. It can, however, itself be irritating SH-OLIGOPEPTIDE-33 SH-OLIGOPEPTIDE-9A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles ASIATIC ACIDAn active compound of Centella Asiatica plant extract. In combination with other active compounds of Centella Asiatica extract (asiaticoside, madecasosside and madecassic acid) asiatic acid has been shown to be helpful in wound-healing, restoring skin barrier function and supporting collagen production in skin. It can, however, itself be irritating SH-PENTAPEPTIDE-19 SH-POLYPEPTIDE-1A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles ASCORBIC ACID POLYPEPTIDEA type of peptide. Might help neutralize free radicals in skin. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles SH-POLYPEPTIDE-11A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles SH-POLYPEPTIDE-16A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles SH-POLYPEPTIDE-17A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles ASCOPHYLLUM NODOSUM EXTRACTBrown seaweed extract. Can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have some antioxidant effect ARTEMIA EXTRACTZooplankton extract that can attract water to the upper level of the skin and might have some anti-oxidant effect SH-POLYPEPTIDE-2A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles ARGININE/LYSINE POLYPEPTIDEA type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles SH-POLYPEPTIDE-22A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles ARGININE PCAAn amino-acid. Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and can help neutralize free radicals in skin SH-POLYPEPTIDE-3A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

Evens skin tone

NIACINAMIDEIs proven to be effective in reducing blemishes, evening out skin tone and helping to improve lines and wrinkles. It helps the skin to repair sun damage, calm down inflammation and keep maintain good levels of moisture STEARYL GLYCYRRHETINATEA fatty acid derived from licorice. Works as an emollient and can help calm down inflammation AMINOPROPYL ASCORBYL PHOSPHATEA more stable but less potent derivative of vitamin C. It can help neautralize free radicals and even out the skin tone if used in high enough concentration (required levels are likely to be much higher than for pure vitamin C, and solid studies are lacking at the moment)ORCHID LEAF/ROOT/STEM EXTRACTA plant extract that can help even out skin tone and reduce hyperpigmentation when used in high concentration ISOQUERCITRINAntioxidant that might help reduce free radicals and reduce melanin production, but more research is needed to understand if it is effective in skin VITIS VINIFERA JUICE EXTRACTContains AHAs that exfoliate the upper layer of the skin. Can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin due to the sugar content PAEONIA LACTIFLORA ROOT EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals and reduce hyperpigmentation, but the research on its effectiveness in skin is lacking MORUS NIGRA ROOT EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin and have some skin-lightening effect, but good evidence is missing HYDROXYPHENOXY PROPIONIC ACIDHelps reduce hypepigmentation and even out the skin tone POLYPODIUM LEUCOTOMOS LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that has been shown to be effective in helping boost skin's ability to protect against UV radiation and reduce hyperpigmentation when taken orally. No conclusive evidence for its effectiveness and effective concentration in topical application EMBLICA OFFICINALIS FRUIT EXTRACTA plant extract that might be helping in neutralizing free radicals in skin. It could help reduce hyperpigmentation. There is some research to confirm its effectiveness in skin MALTOBIONIC ACIDA polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that helps shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. Is genter than AHAs. In addition, it helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. It has been shown to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Might help reduce fine lines and wrinkles and improve skin tone with long-term application. Can help neutralize free radicals POTASSIUM AZELOYL DIGLYCINATEA derivative of azelaic acid. It is obtained by reacting the chloride of azelaic acid with two molecules of glycine (an amino acid) and potassium hydroxide. It is less studied than azelaic acid, but the available research suggests that it also can be effective in reducing skin redness, hyperpigmentation and blemishes. There are claims that it is more bio-available and more effective than azelaic acid, but no comparison study is available. Potassium azeloyl diglycinate is better soluble in water compared with azelaic acid. Because of this property, products with potassium azeloyl digclycinate can have a nicer texture POTASSIUM METHOXYSALICYLATECan help reduce hyperpigmentation PALMITOYL GRAPEVINE SHOOT EXTRACTAn extract from grape plant that can contain a potent antioxidant resveratrol. The manufacturer (Caudalie) claims that this particular extract is effective against hyperpigmentation. This effect would be explained by the resveratrol content. However, there is no independent research confirming the manufacturer's claim beside the potential for anti-oxidant activity HYDROXYPINACOLONE RETINOATEA derivative of the most potent form of vitamin A, retinoic acid. The ingredient can be sold under name Granactive Retinoid. Note that if a skincare brand discloses the concentration of Granactive Retinoid in a product, the concentration refers to a diluted form of Hydroxypinacolone Retinoate: 1% of Granactive Retinoid corresponds to 0.1% of Hydroxypinacolone Retinoate. Hydroxypinacolone Retinoate (HPR) is a unique derivative of retinoic acid because it can directly work in the skin and does not require additional conversion steps. According to studies done by the manufacturer on models of human skin (not real people), this derivative is more effective than other cosmetic versions of retinoids (such as retinol, retinaldehyde, and retinyl palmitate), and, at the same time, causes less irritation. It has been also demonstrated to be more stable than retinol which makes formulating with easier and increases the chances that a product with it will maintain its effectiveness after opening. The packaging should still ideally be air-tight. HPR is available over the counter in the EU, UK, Asia, Australia and New Zealand, but is only with a prescription in Canada.ETHYL LINOLEATEHelps reduce acne and blemishes. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and reduce inflammation. Might be helpful in reducing hyperpigmentation and evening out the skin tone, but evidence of effectiveness in skin are lacking VIGNA RADIATA SEED EXTRACTBean extract that in theory might help to reduce hyperpigmentation, but evidence of effectiveness in skin are missing 1-TRIMETHYL-2-CYCLOHEXENYL-1-PENTEN-3-ONE PRUNUS MUME FRUIT EXTRACTA plant extract that might have an anti-oxidant effect and help even out skin tone, but solid evidence of effectiveness is lacking AZELAIC ACIDIs produced by a yeast that lives on normal human skin. It is used in medicine as a topical treatment for mild to moderate acne. It has a mild exfoliating effect. It can also help reduce hyperpigmentation, helps calm down inflammation and can help neutralize free radicals MAGNESIUM ASCORBYL PHOSPHATEA derivative of vitamin C that is more stable, but less bioavailable than the pure form of vitamin C. It does not penetrate the skin well, but has been shown to convert to pure vitamin C once in skin. It can be helpful in stimulating collagen production and lightening the skin tone, but the required concentration is likely to be very high ALBIZIA JULIBRISSIN BARK/SEED EXTRACTA plant extract that might help to neutralize free radicals in skin. Is claimed to help reduce hyperpigmentation but evidence is missing ADAPALENEA retinoid that is effective against acne and keratosis pilaris. It can also help reduce signs of aging (fine lines, wrinkles, loss of elasticity) and can improve skin tone PUNICA GRANATUM EXTRACTA plant extract that can help neutralize free radicals in skin and even out the skin tone, but is typically used in products in a concentration that is too low to be effective MADECASSOSIDEAn antioxidant that is typically derived from plant Centella Asiatica. It can help neutralize free radicals in skin and support skin barrier function. It could, however, itself be irritating. It is often unstable in formulations ALBIZIA JULIBRISSIN BRANCH/LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that might help to neutralize free radicals in skin. Is claimed to help reduce hyperpigmentation but evidence is missing GLUCONOLACTONEA polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that helps shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. Is believed to be genter than AHAs. It helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and can stimulate production of skin's own hyaluronic acid resulting in improved hydration levels. It has been shown to be helpful against acne and clogged pores if used consistently (e.g over a period of 12 weeks) in high enough concentration. It can help reduce fine lines and wrinkles and improve skin tone with long-term application. Can help neutralize free radicals ALBIZIA JULIBRISSIN FLOWER EXTRACTA plant extract that might help to neutralize free radicals in skin. Is claimed to help reduce hyperpigmentation but evidence is missing ELLAGIC ACIDCan help neutralize free radicals in skin. It can help prevent and treat hyperpigmentation and even out the skin tone LACTOBACILLUS/PUMPKIN FERMENT EXTRACTAn enzyme-based exfoliant GLUCOSAMINE HCLMight be able to stimulate production of skin's natural moisturizing compounds such as hyaluronic acid. Could be helpful for evening the skin tone.RESVERATROLHelps neutralize free radicals in skin and might help reduce fine lines and wrinkles, as well as even out the skin tone DIMETHOXYTOLYL PROPYLRESORCINOLCan help reduce hyperpigmentation and lighten skin, but additional research is needed to test its effectiveness on human skin RESVERATROL DIMETHYL ETHERA more stable derivative of anti-oxidant resveratrol. There is not enough research to confirm its efficacy in skin RETINALOne step removed from the biologically active in skin form of vitamin A. Once converted to the retinoic acid in the skin, retinal is proven to be effective against all signs of aging. It improves skin cell turnover, helps fight blemishes and clogged pores, can regulate excess oil production and even skin tone. Concentrations of 0.05% and 0.1% are shown to be effective. It can, however, be irritating ALBIZIA JULIBRISSIN SEED EXTRACTA plant extract that might help to neutralize free radicals in skin. Is claimed to help reduce hyperpigmentation but evidence is missing MORUS BOMBYCIS ROOT EXTRACTA plant extract that might contain arbutin, a compound that has skin-lightening properties. Might have some anti-oxidant activity. Is unlikely to be effective though in the concentrations typically used in skincare products RETINOLTwo steps removed from the active form of vitamin A - retinoic acid. Once converted to the retinoic acid in the skin, retinol is proven to be effective against all signs of aging. It improves skin cell turnover, helps fight blemishes and clogged pores, can regulate excess oil production and even skin tone. It can, however, be quite irritating BIFIDA FERMENT LYSATEConsists of remains of dead yeast bacteria cells. Helps to hydrate the skin and reduce irritation. Might has some anti-oxidant effect GLUCONIC ACIDA polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that helps shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. Is believed to be genter than AHAs. It helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and can stimulate production of skin's own hyaluronic acid resulting in imporved hydration levels. It has been shown to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Might help reduce fine lines and wrinkles and improve skin tone with long-term application. Can help neutralize free radicals RETINYL LINOLEATEAn ester of a retinoid and linoleic acid. Three steps removed from the bioactive form of retinoid, retinoic acid. Once converted to retinoic acid in skin, it can help reduce wrinkles, stimulate collagen production, even out skin tone and reduce blemishes. The concentrations used in cosmetic products are often not high enough to have a positive effect in skin. CAPRYLOYL SALICYLIC ACID GLUTATHIONEA peptide that can help neutralize free radicals in skin and reduce melanin production resulting in skin lightening effect and reduction in hyperpigmentation. It can also help attract moisture to the upper layer of the skin MORUS ALBA BARK EXTRACTA plant extract that might have anti-oxidant properties and help even out skin tone, but solid evidence is lacking PANCRATIUM MARITIMUM EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin. It might help reduce hyperpigmentation RETINYL PALMITATEThree steps removed from the active form of vitamin A - retinoic acid. To have an effect in the skin, it first needs to be converted twice to become the retinoic acid. This means it is less potent than retinol, but could also be less irritating. Once converted to the retinoic acid in the skin, it helps against all signs of aging, improves skin cell turnover and helps fight blemishes and clogged pores. However, in many cosmetic formulations, it is used in a concentration that is too low to have the full effect RETINYL PROPIONATEThree steps removed from the active form of vitamin A - retinoic acid. To have an effect in the skin, it first needs to be converted twice to become the retinoic acid. This means it is less potent than retinol, but could also be less irritating. Once converted to the retinoic acid in the skin, it helps against all signs of aging, improves skin cell turnover and helps fight blemishes and clogged pores, even thought its potency is not as well established as in case of retinol or retinaldehyde ALANINEAn amino-acid that helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might help to lighten the skin, but solid evidence is lacking DIMETHYLMETHOXY CHROMANYL PALMITATEAn oil-soluble compound that has been shown in laboratory studies (in a petri dish, not on human volunteers) to inhibit melanin production in skin and help even out the skin tone. More research is needed to understand if it works in real life RETINYL RETINOATEA "hybrid" of retinol and retinoic acid. It is more stable than retinol and is likely to be more effective based on the early research data available. Is as irritating as retinol FERULIC ACIDA potent anti-oxidant that has been shown to be effective in neutralizing free radicals in skin. There seem to have a synergetic effect of ferulic acid, vitamin E and C, meaning that when the ingredients are used together, they enhance each other's ability protect the skin against free radicals. Ferulic acid also helps to stabilize other ingredients - including vitamins C and E. It can help to even out the skin tone. Ferulic acid is approved for use as a sunscreen ingredient in Japan in concentrations up to 10% NELUMBO NUCIFERA EXTRACTMight be somewhat helpful in protecting elastin in skin and evening skin tone, but good research is lacking. Contains fragrant components and can be irritating. TETRAHYDROBISDEMETHOXYDIFERULOYLMETHANEAn anti-oxidant derived from curcumin (naturally present in tumeric). It might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals in skin and possibly help even out the skin tone. Can be irritating ASCORBYL TETRAISOPALMITATEA vitamin C derivative. Studies show that is might be effective in reducing hyperpigmentation, but there are no studies confirming that it is effectively converted into the bioavailable form of Vitamin C in skin. It is not clear how this derivative compares in effectiveness to the topical application of bioavailable form of vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) COPPER GLUCONATETypically used to stabilize the product formulations. It is a salt of polyhydroxy acid (PHA) and in larger concentrations, can help shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. It can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Might to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Could be helpful in neutralizing free radicals, but solid research is missing NARCISSUS TAZETTA BULB EXTRACTMight contain compounds called dormins that in theory could help lighten skin and reduce hyperpigmentation, but solid research is lacking ASCORBYL GLUCOSIDEA vitamin C derivative that is more stable but less potent than pure form of vitamin C. Has a potential to boost collagen production, nutralise free radicals and reduce hyperpigmentation, but the required concentration is likely to be much higher than for the pure form of vitamin C, limiting the ingredient's effectiveness in products KOJIC ACIDHelps to reduce hyperpigmentation and neutralize free radicals. Can be irritating DIPOTASSIUM GLYCYRRHIZATEA salt derived from licorice. Works as an emollient to soften the upper layer of the skin and can help calm down inflammation. Might be helpful for skin lightening ISOBUTYLAMIDO THIAZOLYL RESORCINOLSometimes referred to as Thiamidol (patented by Beiersdorf). A compound that can reduce melanin production in skin. Can help to fade pigmentation spots quicker and even out the skin tone. It is a relatively new compound and the research on it is ongoing. The first studies show that it might be as effective in reducing hyperpigmentation as hydroquinone but with fewer side effects 3-O-ETHYL ASCORBIC ACIDA vitamin C derivative that is more stable but less potent than pure form of vitamin C. Can help neutralize free radicals and help reduce hyperpigmentation, but the required concentration is likely to be much higher than for the pure form of vitamin C, limiting the ingredient's effectiveness in products GLYCINE SOJA PROTEINA plant extract that helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin and soften it. It might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals. It might be somewhat helpful for evening out the skin tone. It might be able to support elastin production but solid research is lacking ASCORBIC ACIDThe most well-researched antioxidant that works in skin. Helps neutralize free radicals supporting collagen production, helping to even out the skin tone and preventing early signs of aging TETRAHEXYLDECYL ASCORBATEBeing a lipid soluble form of vitamin C, it is more stable. It is claimed to penetrate skin better than pure vitamin C and have the the similar benefits, but solid studies of its effectiveness are lacking. Is likely to require a higher concentration in a product than pure vitamin C to be effective. UNDECYLENOYL PHENYLALANINEAn amino-acid based compound that is effective in reducing hyperpigmentation. It can help lighten sun spots and support more even skin tone. MANDELIC ACIDHelps shed the upper layer of dead cells from the surface of the skin revealing smoother, brighter skin. It can help to reduce hyperpigmentation. It has anti-bacterial properties, and might help to reduce blemishes, as well as fine lines and wrinkles. It is considered to be gentler than glycolic acid GLYCINE SOJA SEED EXTRACTAn emollient that helps soften the skin. Might be somewhat helpful in evening the skin tone.HYDROQUINONE LACTOBIONIC ACIDA polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that helps shed dead cells from the surface of the skin revealing a smoother, more even skin. PHAs tend to be gentler on the skin compared to AHAs (for example, glycolic acid). It also has hydrating properties and helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. It can help calm down inflammation in skin and support restoration of the barrier function. It has an anti-oxidant effect as well. It can help reduce fine line, wrinkles and improve skin elasticity TRAMETES VERSICOLOR EXTRACTA mushroom extract that might have some skin-lightening and moisturizing properties, but solid research is lacking. It is unlikely to be effective in the concentration used in skincare products TRANEXAMIC ACIDAn amino acid that is effective in reducing hyperpigmentation and evening out the skin tone NIACINA form of vitamin B3. It is similar in action to niacinamide, but is more likely to cause red flashes in skin as the side effect EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATEA polyphenol found in tea. This particular compound abbreviated EGCG is the most powerful antioxidant among those extracted from tea (usually green tea). Unfortunately, EGCG is unstable, requires a low pH (below 4) to prevent quick degradation, and does not penetrate the skin very well. This is why the full anti-oxidant effect of EGCG is typically not realized when it is added to topical skincare CHRYSINMight be helpful in reducing fine lines and wrinkles, as well as lightening the skin, but solid evidence is missing. Could somewhat help in reducing the darkness of the under-eye area. Helps to neutralise free radicals in skin 3-GLYCERYL ASCORBATEA moisturizing vitamin C derivative. It is considered to be one of the most stable ones. It is effective in neutralizing free radicals and can help to even out the skin tone if used in high enough concentration TETRAHYDRODIFERULOYLMETHANEAn anti-oxidant derived from curcumin (naturally present in tumeric). Is a part of the tetrahydrocurcuminoids complex (THC). The complex might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals in skin and possibly help even out the skin tone. Can be irritating GLYCOLIC ACIDAn alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA) that helps to remove the dead skin cells on the surface of the skin reveling a more even, smoother complexation. It is also able to stimulate collagen production with long-term use. Could help to reduce pore congestion. It can be irritating to the skin. Apply sunscreen daily if using products with glycolic acid LACTIC ACIDAn exfoliating and moisturizing alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA). Typically causes less irritation than other AHAs, for example, glycolic acid. At high concentrations (about 15%), lactic acid can help reduce lines and wrinkles. Recent studies show that lactic acid can support the "good" bacteria living on skin's surface (healthy skin microbiom) PHENYLETHYL RESORCINOLMight help reduce hyperpigmentation in skin and help neutralize free radicals LACTOBACILLUS/PORTULACA OLERACEA FERMENT EXTRACTObtained from fermenting a plant extract with bacteria Lactobacillus. The resulting compound might be able to calm down inflammation and have some anti-oxidant properties, but solid evidence is missing YEAST EXTRACTHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have some anti-oxidant and skin lightening properties. It can help calm down inflammation in skin GLYCYRRHETINIC ACIDActive compound of licorice root. Works to calm down inflammation, as an anti-oxidant, and might be helpful in lightening the skin and reducing hyperpigmentation HEXYLRESORCINOLMight be helpful in reducing hyperpigmentation and neutralizing free radicals in skin PHYLLANTHUS EMBLICA FRUIT EXTRACTA plant extract that might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals and have a skin lightening effect if used in high enough concentrations ACETYL GLUCOSAMINEAn effective moisturizing ingredient that also has been shown to be effective in evening out the skin tone and reducing hyperpigmentation. It can help somewhat reduce wrinkles in skin ARBUTINBeta-arbutin. Can help to reduce hyperpigmentation and has an anti-oxidant effect when used in high enough concentration. Is less effective compared to alpha-arbutin TETRAHYDRODEMETHOXYDIFERULOYLMETHANEAn anti-oxidant derived from curcumin (naturally present in tumeric). Is a part of the tetrahydrocurcuminoids complex (THC). The complex might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals in skin and possibly help even out the skin tone. Can be irritating GALACTOMYCES FERMENT FILTRATEA yeast ferment filtrate (also known as Pitera - a trademarked name for the filtrate reserved by the SK-II brand). It helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin, can help neutralize antioxidants and can be helpful in evening out the skin tone. It might be somewhat helpful in preventing premature skin aging but solid evidence is lacking. A small manufacturer study also shows that, when used in high concentrations, it can help reduce sebum production and help against blocked pores CERATONIA SILIQUA FRUIT EXTRACTPlant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin and even out skin tone, but evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking TretinoinBioavailable form of Vitamin A that is the most effective known topical ingredients for reducing wrinkles, improving skin firmness, treating acne, as well as hyperpigmentation. It is not available over-the counter in many countries, including US and UK GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA ROOT EXTRACTA plant extract that can help lighten the skin and calm down inflammation. Might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals CYSTEINEMight help neutralize free radicals in skin and might be helpful against hyperpigmentation PINUS PINASTER BARK EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals and reduce hyperpigmentation, but evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking GLYCYRRHIZA INFLATA ROOT EXTRACTA plant extract that can help lighten the skin and calm down inflammation. Might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals ALPHA-ARBUTINMight help reduce hyperpigmentation when used regularly over a long period of time. Is more effective than beta-arbutin ALBIZIA JULIBRISSIN BARK EXTRACTA plant extract that might help to neutralize free radicals in skin. Is claimed to help reduce hyperpigmentation but evidence is missing BAKUCHIOLA plant extract that is, though different in chemical structure, acts similar to retinoids. First studies show that it can help reduce fine lines and wrinkles, improve skin tone, reduce clogged pores and blemishes, and reduce inflammation. There is no conclusive evidence that bakuchiol is as effective as retinol however. The study that directly compared retinol with bakuchiol used bakuchiol applied twice daily compared to once per day for the retinol. According to this study, bakuchiol is less irritating than retinol. Bakuchiol is extracted from seeds of Babchi plant. Other parts of the plant contain coumarins that could cause allergic and irritant reactions. These compounds should be removed in the extraction process when bakuchiol is produced, but it is a good idea to be cautious and stay away from products that include the Babchi plant extracts other than purified bakuchiol to avoid irritation GLYCYRRHIZA URALENSIS ROOT EXTRACTLicorice root extract. Might be helpful in reducing hyperpigmentation

Anti-blemish

NIACINAMIDEIs proven to be effective in reducing blemishes, evening out skin tone and helping to improve lines and wrinkles. It helps the skin to repair sun damage, calm down inflammation and keep maintain good levels of moisture GALACTOMYCES FERMENT FILTRATEA yeast ferment filtrate (also known as Pitera - a trademarked name for the filtrate reserved by the SK-II brand). It helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin, can help neutralize antioxidants and can be helpful in evening out the skin tone. It might be somewhat helpful in preventing premature skin aging but solid evidence is lacking. A small manufacturer study also shows that, when used in high concentrations, it can help reduce sebum production and help against blocked pores HYDROXYPINACOLONE RETINOATEA derivative of the most potent form of vitamin A, retinoic acid. The ingredient can be sold under name Granactive Retinoid. Note that if a skincare brand discloses the concentration of Granactive Retinoid in a product, the concentration refers to a diluted form of Hydroxypinacolone Retinoate: 1% of Granactive Retinoid corresponds to 0.1% of Hydroxypinacolone Retinoate. Hydroxypinacolone Retinoate (HPR) is a unique derivative of retinoic acid because it can directly work in the skin and does not require additional conversion steps. According to studies done by the manufacturer on models of human skin (not real people), this derivative is more effective than other cosmetic versions of retinoids (such as retinol, retinaldehyde, and retinyl palmitate), and, at the same time, causes less irritation. It has been also demonstrated to be more stable than retinol which makes formulating with easier and increases the chances that a product with it will maintain its effectiveness after opening. The packaging should still ideally be air-tight. HPR is available over the counter in the EU, UK, Asia, Australia and New Zealand, but is only with a prescription in Canada.CAPRYLOYL SALICYLIC ACID ZINC PCAA compound that combines zinc with a hydrating ingredient PCA. Might to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Can help calm down inflammation in skin. Could be helpful in reducing the formation of free radicals in skin. Might help to reduce fine lines in wrinkles, but solid evidence is missing TretinoinBioavailable form of Vitamin A that is the most effective known topical ingredients for reducing wrinkles, improving skin firmness, treating acne, as well as hyperpigmentation. It is not available over-the counter in many countries, including US and UK COPPER GLUCONATETypically used to stabilize the product formulations. It is a salt of polyhydroxy acid (PHA) and in larger concentrations, can help shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. It can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Might to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Could be helpful in neutralizing free radicals, but solid research is missing NIACINA form of vitamin B3. It is similar in action to niacinamide, but is more likely to cause red flashes in skin as the side effect RETINYL PROPIONATEThree steps removed from the active form of vitamin A - retinoic acid. To have an effect in the skin, it first needs to be converted twice to become the retinoic acid. This means it is less potent than retinol, but could also be less irritating. Once converted to the retinoic acid in the skin, it helps against all signs of aging, improves skin cell turnover and helps fight blemishes and clogged pores, even thought its potency is not as well established as in case of retinol or retinaldehyde PANTOTHENIC ACIDHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and may help reduce inflammation in skin MELIA AZADIRACHTA LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that has anti-bacterial properties. Can be used to preserve the product. Can be irritating ETHYL LINOLEATEHelps reduce acne and blemishes. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and reduce inflammation. Might be helpful in reducing hyperpigmentation and evening out the skin tone, but evidence of effectiveness in skin are lacking CENTELLA ASIATICA EXTRACTA plant extract that has been shown to be able to reduce inflammation in skin, support restoration of skin barrier function, as well as support collagen production. Contains active compounds called centelloids: asiaticoside, madecasosside, asiatic acid and madecassic acid. Might be helpful in preventing stretch marks. It can be itself be irritating though. BENZOYL PEROXIDEA potent anti-bacterial ingredient that is effective against acne. Often leads to skin dryness and can be irritating COLLOIDAL SULFUR RETINYL LINOLEATEAn ester of a retinoid and linoleic acid. Three steps removed from the bioactive form of retinoid, retinoic acid. Once converted to retinoic acid in skin, it can help reduce wrinkles, stimulate collagen production, even out skin tone and reduce blemishes. The concentrations used in cosmetic products are often not high enough to have a positive effect in skin. LINOLEIC ACIDAn excellent emollient. Helps soften the skin, restore its barrier function, and can help to calm down inflammation. It can be helpful to prevent blemishes and clogged pores CANNABIDIOL - SYNTHETICALLY PRODUCEDCBD. Can bind to skin cell receptors and can reduce inflammation, itching, and help support skin barrier function BAKUCHIOLA plant extract that is, though different in chemical structure, acts similar to retinoids. First studies show that it can help reduce fine lines and wrinkles, improve skin tone, reduce clogged pores and blemishes, and reduce inflammation. There is no conclusive evidence that bakuchiol is as effective as retinol however. The study that directly compared retinol with bakuchiol used bakuchiol applied twice daily compared to once per day for the retinol. According to this study, bakuchiol is less irritating than retinol. Bakuchiol is extracted from seeds of Babchi plant. Other parts of the plant contain coumarins that could cause allergic and irritant reactions. These compounds should be removed in the extraction process when bakuchiol is produced, but it is a good idea to be cautious and stay away from products that include the Babchi plant extracts other than purified bakuchiol to avoid irritation GINKGO BILOBA LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals and reduce inflammation in skin. It can be irritating RETINALOne step removed from the biologically active in skin form of vitamin A. Once converted to the retinoic acid in the skin, retinal is proven to be effective against all signs of aging. It improves skin cell turnover, helps fight blemishes and clogged pores, can regulate excess oil production and even skin tone. Concentrations of 0.05% and 0.1% are shown to be effective. It can, however, be irritating MALTOBIONIC ACIDA polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that helps shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. Is genter than AHAs. In addition, it helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. It has been shown to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Might help reduce fine lines and wrinkles and improve skin tone with long-term application. Can help neutralize free radicals SALICYLIC ACIDUsed for skin exfoliation. It has an anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial effect, helps to unclog pores, prevent blemishes and speed up healing of the existing ones. Sometimes referred to as a BHA (beta-hydroxy acid)CANNABIDIOL - DERIVED FROM EXTRACT OR TINCTURE OR RESIN OF CANNABISCBD. Can bind to skin cell receptors and can reduce inflammation, itching, and help support skin barrier function BETAINE SALICYLATEExfoliating acid, a "relative" of salicylic acid OENOTHERA BIENNIS OILHelps soften the upper layer of the skin and can support skin barrier function ZINC COCETH SULFATEHelps water and oil mix together and works are a cleansing agent. Might deposit small quantities of zinc onto the skin after cleansing that might be somewhat helpful for acne-prone skin but conclusive research is missing OLEANOLIC ACIDMight be helpful against blemishes, work as an anti-oxidant, reduce inflammation and improve skin's ability to hold on to moisture, but more research is needed to confirm its effectiveness when applied topically to human skin TAURINECould be helpful in reducing inflammation in skin, evening out the skin tone and neutralizing free radicals, but more research is needed to confirm its effectiveness GLUCONIC ACIDA polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that helps shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. Is believed to be genter than AHAs. It helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and can stimulate production of skin's own hyaluronic acid resulting in imporved hydration levels. It has been shown to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Might help reduce fine lines and wrinkles and improve skin tone with long-term application. Can help neutralize free radicals LACTOBIONIC ACIDA polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that helps shed dead cells from the surface of the skin revealing a smoother, more even skin. PHAs tend to be gentler on the skin compared to AHAs (for example, glycolic acid). It also has hydrating properties and helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. It can help calm down inflammation in skin and support restoration of the barrier function. It has an anti-oxidant effect as well. It can help reduce fine line, wrinkles and improve skin elasticity KAOLINA type of clay that consists mainly of aluminum silicate. Helps absorb oil and creates a thicker product consistency. Can be used to add a white color URSOLIC ACID RETINYL PALMITATEThree steps removed from the active form of vitamin A - retinoic acid. To have an effect in the skin, it first needs to be converted twice to become the retinoic acid. This means it is less potent than retinol, but could also be less irritating. Once converted to the retinoic acid in the skin, it helps against all signs of aging, improves skin cell turnover and helps fight blemishes and clogged pores. However, in many cosmetic formulations, it is used in a concentration that is too low to have the full effect LACTOBACILLUS/PORTULACA OLERACEA FERMENT EXTRACTObtained from fermenting a plant extract with bacteria Lactobacillus. The resulting compound might be able to calm down inflammation and have some anti-oxidant properties, but solid evidence is missing RETINOLTwo steps removed from the active form of vitamin A - retinoic acid. Once converted to the retinoic acid in the skin, retinol is proven to be effective against all signs of aging. It improves skin cell turnover, helps fight blemishes and clogged pores, can regulate excess oil production and even skin tone. It can, however, be quite irritating SODIUM ASCORBYL PHOSPHATEA stable derivative of vitamin C. It is oil-soluble which means it is more likely to penetrate the skin compared to the pure form of vitamin C (which is water-soluble), but it is less bio-available and is way less effective in stimulating collagen and reducing wrinkles compared to the pure form of vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) and its other derivatives (for example, magnesium ascorbyl phosphate). At the same time, this vitamin C derivative has been shown in studies to be effective in reducing acne, blemishes and clogged pores. It is less irritating then the pure form of vitamin C AZELAIC ACIDIs produced by a yeast that lives on normal human skin. It is used in medicine as a topical treatment for mild to moderate acne. It has a mild exfoliating effect. It can also help reduce hyperpigmentation, helps calm down inflammation and can help neutralize free radicals GLYCOLIC ACIDAn alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA) that helps to remove the dead skin cells on the surface of the skin reveling a more even, smoother complexation. It is also able to stimulate collagen production with long-term use. Could help to reduce pore congestion. It can be irritating to the skin. Apply sunscreen daily if using products with glycolic acid GLUCONOLACTONEA polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that helps shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. Is believed to be genter than AHAs. It helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and can stimulate production of skin's own hyaluronic acid resulting in improved hydration levels. It has been shown to be helpful against acne and clogged pores if used consistently (e.g over a period of 12 weeks) in high enough concentration. It can help reduce fine lines and wrinkles and improve skin tone with long-term application. Can help neutralize free radicals EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATEA polyphenol found in tea. This particular compound abbreviated EGCG is the most powerful antioxidant among those extracted from tea (usually green tea). Unfortunately, EGCG is unstable, requires a low pH (below 4) to prevent quick degradation, and does not penetrate the skin very well. This is why the full anti-oxidant effect of EGCG is typically not realized when it is added to topical skincare ADAPALENEA retinoid that is effective against acne and keratosis pilaris. It can also help reduce signs of aging (fine lines, wrinkles, loss of elasticity) and can improve skin tone MANDELIC ACIDHelps shed the upper layer of dead cells from the surface of the skin revealing smoother, brighter skin. It can help to reduce hyperpigmentation. It has anti-bacterial properties, and might help to reduce blemishes, as well as fine lines and wrinkles. It is considered to be gentler than glycolic acid RETINYL RETINOATEA "hybrid" of retinol and retinoic acid. It is more stable than retinol and is likely to be more effective based on the early research data available. Is as irritating as retinol CHITOSANInhibits acne-causing bacteria on the surface of the skin. Can help to reduce inflammation caused by bacteria. Helps neutralize free radicals in skin. Helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin BETA-GLUCANHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin, calm down inflammation and irritation, restore the barrier function and support wound healing. It can be helpful in reducing fine lines and wrinkles SULFUR ZINC ASPARTATECan help reduce acne and blemishes and reduce inflammation in skin CENTELLA ASIATICA LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that has been shown to be able to reduce inflammation in skin, support restoration of skin barrier function, as well as support collagen production. It can be irritating to sensitive skin. Might be helpful in preventing stretch marks. It could, however, itself be irritating.ALLANTOINHelps calm down inflammation in skin and can help reduce itching. Helps to repair the skin barrier and keep skin hydrated PHYTOSPHINGOSINEA type of lipid that is naturally present in skin. It might help in repairing skin barrier function and has anti-bacterial effect POTASSIUM AZELOYL DIGLYCINATEA derivative of azelaic acid. It is obtained by reacting the chloride of azelaic acid with two molecules of glycine (an amino acid) and potassium hydroxide. It is less studied than azelaic acid, but the available research suggests that it also can be effective in reducing skin redness, hyperpigmentation and blemishes. There are claims that it is more bio-available and more effective than azelaic acid, but no comparison study is available. Potassium azeloyl diglycinate is better soluble in water compared with azelaic acid. Because of this property, products with potassium azeloyl digclycinate can have a nicer texture