What's In My Jar

Albizia julibrissin bark extract

In 32 skincare routines

Also known as: Silk tree bark extract

Summary

Works for

Anti-inflammatory
Anti-oxidation
Evens skin tone

Irritancy risk

3

High

A plant extract that might help to neutralize free radicals in skin. Is claimed to help reduce hyperpigmentation but evidence is missing

Products with Albizia julibrissin bark extract

Follain - Eye Cream

Follain Eye Cream

bakuchiolpalmitoyl tripeptide-38arginine +4 actives

Anti-aging Anti-oxidation +2

Price unavailable

Skinn Cosmetics - Crème Reverse Intensive

Skinn Cosmetics Crème Reverse Intensive

niacinamideretinolferulic acid +17 actives

Anti-aging Moisturizing +4

Fragrance

Price unavailable

IVY AïA - Eye Roller Serum

IVY AïA Eye Roller Serum

palmitoyl tetrapeptide-7palmitoyl tripeptide-1panthenol +2 actives

Moisturizing Anti-aging

Price unavailable

Lynia - Multi Repair Eye Cream

Lynia Multi Repair Eye Cream

ceramide nsbutyrospermum parkii buttercaffeine +9 actives

Moisturizing

Price unavailable

Lightinderm - EYE Capsules

Lightinderm EYE Capsules

niacinamide3-o-ethyl ascorbic acidacetyl hexapeptide-8 +6 actives

Anti-aging Moisturizing +1

Price unavailable

It Cosmetics - Day-to-Night Skincare Duo

It Cosmetics Day-to-Night Skincare Duo

colloidal oatmealniacinamidehydroxypalmitoyl sphinganine +26 actives

Moisturizing Anti-aging +4

FragranceAlcohol

Price unavailable

Alpha-H - After Hours AHA Moisturiser

Alpha-H After Hours AHA Moisturiser

lactic acidgluconolactoneglycolic acid +17 actives

Exfoliation Moisturizing +2

Price unavailable

Beautycounter - Countertime Ultra Renewal Eye Cream

Beautycounter Countertime Ultra Renewal Eye Cream

bakuchiolbutyrospermum parkii butterglycerin +4 actives

Anti-aging Evens skin tone +2

Price unavailable

Fenty Skin - Thicc N Smooth Rich Peptide Eye Cream

Fenty Skin Thicc N Smooth Rich Peptide Eye Cream

niacinamidegluconolactoneacetyl hexapeptide-8 +19 actives

Anti-aging Moisturizing +1

Price unavailable

Clinique - iD Dramatically Different Hydrating Jelly + Active Cartridge Concentrate - Active: Irregular Skin Texture

Clinique iD Dramatically Different Hydrating Jelly + Active Cartridge Concentrate - Active: Irregular Skin Texture

salicylic acidlactic acidglycolic acid +35 actives

Moisturizing Anti-aging +2

Price unavailable

View all products

Scientific sources

Phytopharmacological properties of Albizia species: A review

Similar ingredients

Anti-inflammatory

ACETYL DIPEPTIDE-1 CETYL ESTERA type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles ALLANTOINHelps calm down inflammation in skin and can help reduce itching. Helps to repair the skin barrier and keep skin hydrated AVENA SATIVA KERNEL EXTRACTAn effective moisturizing and skin barrier repair ingredient. Helps calm down inflammation and has some anti-oxidant properties VIOLA TRICOLOR EXTRACTA plant extract that might have an anti-inflammatory effect in skin CHAMOMILLA RECUTITA FLOWER EXTRACTPlant extract that can have healing and anti-inflammatory properties. It is a potential allergen and can be irritating CENTELLA ASIATICA EXTRACTA plant extract that has been shown to be able to reduce inflammation in skin, support restoration of skin barrier function, as well as support collagen production. Contains active compounds called centelloids: asiaticoside, madecasosside, asiatic acid and madecassic acid. Might be helpful in preventing stretch marks. It can be itself be irritating though. BISABOLOLAn active component of chamomile plant that historically has been used to calm down irritated skin. A recent study shows that bisabolol indeed can have some anti-inflammatory effect on skin, even though conclusive data is lacking. Bisabolol has a sweet floral scent and can be added to products for its aromatic properties COMMIPHORA MUKUL RESIN EXTRACTA plant extract might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals and reducing inflammation in skin GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA ROOT EXTRACTA plant extract that can help lighten the skin and calm down inflammation. Might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals LINOLENIC ACIDAn emollient that helps soften the skin and calm down inflammation NIACINAMIDEIs proven to be effective in reducing blemishes, evening out skin tone and helping to improve lines and wrinkles. It helps the skin to repair sun damage, calm down inflammation and keep maintain good levels of moisture PHYTOSPHINGOSINEA type of lipid that is naturally present in skin. It might help in repairing skin barrier function and has anti-bacterial effect SALICYLIC ACIDUsed for skin exfoliation. It has an anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial effect, helps to unclog pores, prevent blemishes and speed up healing of the existing ones. Sometimes referred to as a BHA (beta-hydroxy acid)SIGESBECKIA ORIENTALIS EXTRACTA plant extract that can contain an anti-inflammatory compound SILYBUM MARIANUM EXTRACTMight be able to help neutralize free radical, calm down inflammation in skin, and even skin tone PANAX GINSENG ROOT EXTRACTA plant extract that might have some anti-inflammatory properties, but solid evidence is lacking. It can be irritating TOCOPHEROLPure form of vitamin E. Can help moisturise and protect the skin from free radicals. Often used to help stabilise other ingredients or the formula itself DIPOTASSIUM GLYCYRRHIZATEA salt derived from licorice. Works as an emollient to soften the upper layer of the skin and can help calm down inflammation. Might be helpful for skin lightening GLYCYRRHETINIC ACIDActive compound of licorice root. Works to calm down inflammation, as an anti-oxidant, and might be helpful in lightening the skin and reducing hyperpigmentation GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that can be effective for calming down inflammation and lightening the skin, but the effectivenss in products can vary significantly based on the extract quality and concentration used LACTOBACILLUS FERMENTA fermentation product created by bacteria Lactobacillus. The fermented product has anti-bacterial properties and might be helpful in calming down inflammation, but studies are lacking. Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Can be used as a preservative ADENOSINE PHOSPHATEMight help improve cell turnover and reduce inflammation in skin. One study shows that the ingredients might be able to stimulate collagen production in skin ANTHEMIS NOBILIS FLOWER EXTRACTA plant extract that one one hand, can contain compounds that can help calm down skin irritation, but, on the other hand, its other compounds (especially fragrant ones) can themselves be irritating YEAST EXTRACTHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have some anti-oxidant and skin lightening properties. It can help calm down inflammation in skin OLEANOLIC ACIDMight be helpful against blemishes, work as an anti-oxidant, reduce inflammation and improve skin's ability to hold on to moisture, but more research is needed to confirm its effectiveness when applied topically to human skin URSOLIC ACID CURCUMA LONGA ROOT EXTRACTA plant extract that can contain an active compound curcumin, that may have some anti-inflammatory properties when applied to the skin, but solid research is lacking and the typical concentration used in skincare products is too low. Can be an irritant SCUTELLARIA BAICALENSIS ROOT EXTRACTA plant extract that might contain a compound baicalin that could be helpful in neutralizing free radicals and reducing inflammation in skin. The baicalin concentration in skincare products is often too low for an effective action. Can be used for its fragrant properties SNAIL SECRETION FILTRATETypically contains hyaluronic acid that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Might contain allantoin that is helpful in calming down inflammation. There is no evidence that it can have any further benefits for the skin, especially when used in skincare products PANTETHINEHelps to hydrate the skin by improving its barrier funciton COLLOIDAL OATMEALHelps to restore skin barrier function, soften the upper layer of the skin and calm down inflammation FERULIC ACIDA potent anti-oxidant that has been shown to be effective in neutralizing free radicals in skin. There seem to have a synergetic effect of ferulic acid, vitamin E and C, meaning that when the ingredients are used together, they enhance each other's ability protect the skin against free radicals. Ferulic acid also helps to stabilize other ingredients - including vitamins C and E. It can help to even out the skin tone. Ferulic acid is approved for use as a sunscreen ingredient in Japan in concentrations up to 10% CHLORELLA VULGARIS EXTRACTA plant extract that can help to attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have some anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties TAURINECould be helpful in reducing inflammation in skin, evening out the skin tone and neutralizing free radicals, but more research is needed to confirm its effectiveness CERAMIDE EOSA type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin CERAMIDE EOPA type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin CERAMIDE 3A type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin CERAMIDE APA type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin CERAMIDE 1A type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin CERAMIDE 2A type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin CERAMIDE 6 IIA type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin CERAMIDE NGA type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin CERAMIDE NSA type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin CAPROOYL PHYTOSPHINGOSINEA component of ceramides. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin CAPROOYL SPHINGOSINEA component of ceramides. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin RICINUS COMMUNIS SEED OILA plant oil that can help soften the skin. It might be helpful in calming down inflammation, but solid research is lacking. Is often used in lip products to create the needed product consistency ORBIGNYA OLEIFERA SEED OILA plant oil that can help soften the upper layer of the skin. Might be helpful in calming down inflammation in skin LACTOBIONIC ACIDA polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that helps shed dead cells from the surface of the skin revealing a smoother, more even skin. PHAs tend to be gentler on the skin compared to AHAs (for example, glycolic acid). It also has hydrating properties and helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. It can help calm down inflammation in skin and support restoration of the barrier function. It has an anti-oxidant effect as well. It can help reduce fine line, wrinkles and improve skin elasticity HYDROXYPHENYL PROPAMIDOBENZOIC ACIDMight help to reduce inflammation in skin, but solid research is lacking CENTAURIUM ERYTHRAEA EXTRACTA plant extract that can help calm down inflammation in skin MICROCOCCUS LYSATEConsists of remains of dead bacteria cells. Is likely helpful in attracting water to the upper layer of the skin. Might be helpful in reducing inflammation and neutralizing free radicals in skin. It is claimed to be a "DNA repair enzyme"VITIS VINIFERA SEED EXTRACTA plant extract that contains resveratrol and other anti-oxidant compounds that can help neutralize free radicals, reduce inflammation in skin and even out its tone. Can be also used to stabilize the product formulation BETA-GLUCANHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin, calm down inflammation and irritation, restore the barrier function and support wound healing. It can be helpful in reducing fine lines and wrinkles ROSA CANINA SEED OILA plant oil that helps soften the upper layer of the skin. It might have anti-oxidant properties. Might help reduce inflammation in skin and help against blemishes BORAGO OFFICINALIS SEED OILA plant oil that is effective in reducing irritation in skin, restore the barrier function and support its hydration MAGNESIUM ASPARTATEMight be helpful in restoring skin barrier function and calm down inflammation in skin ZINC PYRITHIONEMight be helpful in calming down inflammation and restoring skin barrier function ZINC GLUCONATETypically used to stabilize the product formulations. It is a salt of a polyhydroxy acid (PHA) and in larger concentrations, can help shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. It can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Might to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Could be helpful in neutralizing free radicals, but solid research is missing. Due to the zinc content, might help calm down inflammation in skin ZINC PCAA compound that combines zinc with a hydrating ingredient PCA. Might to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Can help calm down inflammation in skin. Could be helpful in reducing the formation of free radicals in skin. Might help to reduce fine lines in wrinkles, but solid evidence is missing CUCUMIS SATIVUS OILA plant oil that works as a great moisturizer by softening the upper layer of the skin. Due to the high linoleic acid content, can help reduce inflammation in skin GINKGO BILOBA LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals and reduce inflammation in skin. It can be irritating ZINC ASPARTATECan help reduce acne and blemishes and reduce inflammation in skin ETHYL LINOLEATEHelps reduce acne and blemishes. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and reduce inflammation. Might be helpful in reducing hyperpigmentation and evening out the skin tone, but evidence of effectiveness in skin are lacking SALIX ALBA BARK EXTRACTA plant extract that can help neutralize free radicals in skin. It contains a compound salicin that can theoretically be converted into salicylic acid that, in turn, helps reduce inflammation in skin, but the evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking and the extract is usually not used in a concentration that would enable an exfoliating effect LEONTOPODIUM ALPINUM CALLUS CULTURE EXTRACTA plant stem cell extract that might help neutralize free radicals and reduce inflammation in skin VACCINIUM MACROCARPON SEED OILA plant oil that can help neutralize free radicals, soften the upper layer of the skin, and support skin's barrier function HAMAMELIS VIRGINIANA EXTRACTA plant extract that can help calm down inflammation in skin. Can, however, itself be irritating HAMAMELIS VIRGINIANA WATERA plant extract that can help calm down inflammation in skin. Can, however, itself be irritating HAMAMELIS VIRGINIANA BARK/LEAF/TWIG EXTRACTA plant extract that can help calm down inflammation in skin. Can, however, itself be irritating HAMAMELIS VIRGINIANA LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that can help calm down inflammation in skin. Can, however, itself be irritating BUDDLEJA OFFICINALIS FLOWER EXTRACTA plant flower extract that might help calm down inflammation in skin and neutralize free radicals, but evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking HYDROLYZED GINSENG SAPONINSPlant extract that might help calm down inflammation in skin and neutralize free radicals, but effectiveness of topical application is not confirmed. Can be an allergen ENANTIA CHLORANTHA BARK EXTRACTA bark extract that might help clam down inflammation and neutralize free radicals , but evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking BRASSICA OLERACEA CAPITATA LEAF EXTRACTPlant extract that might help calm down inflammation and have some anti-oxidant properties SEA WHIP EXTRACTMight help neutrlize free radicals, calm down inflammation, and attract water to the upper layer of the skin GLOBULARIA CORDIFOLIA CALLUS CULTURE EXTRACTAn extract from plant stem cells that might help calm down inflammation in skin LACTOCOCCUS FERMENT LYSATEConsists of remains of dead bacteria cells. Is likely helpful in attracting water to the upper layer of the skin. Might be helpful in reducing inflammation and neutralizing free radicals in skin SAURURUS CHINENSIS EXTRACTPlant extract that might have some anti-inflammatory properties OLEIC ACIDHelps soften the upper layer of the skin. At the same time, it can weaken the skin's barrier enhancing penetration of other ingredients and increasing the risk of skin dryness SPILANTHES ACMELLA FLOWER EXTRACTPlant extract that might hep calm down inflammation in skin CHAMOMILLA RECUTITA EXTRACTPlant extract that can have healing and anti-inflammatory properties. It is a potential allergen and can be irritating ASTAXANTHINHelps neutralize free radicals in skin and might help to calm down inflammation SWERTIA CHIRATA EXTRACTA plant extract that can have an anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory effect, but evidence of effectiveness is lacking ALTHAEA ROSEA ROOT EXTRACTA plant extract that has some anti-inflammatory properties, can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and is also used to thicken the product formulations VISCUM ALBUM LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that has anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial properties and might help neutralize free radicals in skin, but solid research is lacking SACCHAROMYCES/IMPERATA CYLINDRICA ROOT FERMENT EXTRACTYeast extract obtained from a plant root (cogon grass). It works as an excellent humectant attracting water to the upper layer of the skin. Can have some anti-inflammatory effect LACTOBACILLUS/PORTULACA OLERACEA FERMENT EXTRACTObtained from fermenting a plant extract with bacteria Lactobacillus. The resulting compound might be able to calm down inflammation and have some anti-oxidant properties, but solid evidence is missing ECHIUM PLANTAGINEUM SEED OILA plant oil that because of its high content of alpha-linolenic acid help support skin barrier function and moisturize the skin CARDIOSPERMUM HALICACABUM FLOWER/LEAF/VINE EXTRACTA plant extract that might have some anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties but evidence is missing CENTELLA ASIATICA LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that has been shown to be able to reduce inflammation in skin, support restoration of skin barrier function, as well as support collagen production. It can be irritating to sensitive skin. Might be helpful in preventing stretch marks. It could, however, itself be irritating.CERAMIDE ASA type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin CERAMIDE NPA type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin HYDROXYPALMITOYL SPHINGANINEA type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin SAMBUCUS NIGRA FLOWER EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin TAMARINDUS INDICA EXTRACTA plant extract that might have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect in skin but solid evidence is lacking CETYLHYDROXYPROLINE PALMITAMIDEA type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin BAKUCHIOLA plant extract that is, though different in chemical structure, acts similar to retinoids. First studies show that it can help reduce fine lines and wrinkles, improve skin tone, reduce clogged pores and blemishes, and reduce inflammation. There is no conclusive evidence that bakuchiol is as effective as retinol however. The study that directly compared retinol with bakuchiol used bakuchiol applied twice daily compared to once per day for the retinol. According to this study, bakuchiol is less irritating than retinol. Bakuchiol is extracted from seeds of Babchi plant. Other parts of the plant contain coumarins that could cause allergic and irritant reactions. These compounds should be removed in the extraction process when bakuchiol is produced, but it is a good idea to be cautious and stay away from products that include the Babchi plant extracts other than purified bakuchiol to avoid irritation NARINGENINA flavanoid that can be found in high concentrations in grapefruits, oranges, other citrus fruits, and tomato skin. Early studies suggest that it might be able to help reduce inflammation in skin and neutralize free radicals SPIRAEA ULMARIA FLOWER EXTRACTMight have some anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Can be irritating OENOTHERA BIENNIS OILHelps soften the upper layer of the skin and can support skin barrier function CAMELLIA OLEIFERA LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that can help neutralize free radicals and reduce inflammation, even though it is not usually used in sufficient concentration in cosmetics CALENDULA OFFICINALIS FLOWER OILA plant oil that might have an antibacterial and some antioxidant effect. Is a common allergen and irritant PHELLODENDRON AMURENSE BARK EXTRACTA plant extract that might have an anti-inflammatory effect ALBIZIA JULIBRISSIN BARK/SEED EXTRACTA plant extract that might help to neutralize free radicals in skin. Is claimed to help reduce hyperpigmentation but evidence is missing ALBIZIA JULIBRISSIN BRANCH/LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that might help to neutralize free radicals in skin. Is claimed to help reduce hyperpigmentation but evidence is missing ALBIZIA JULIBRISSIN SEED EXTRACTA plant extract that might help to neutralize free radicals in skin. Is claimed to help reduce hyperpigmentation but evidence is missing ARTEMISIA VULGARIS EXTRACTA plant extract that might have some anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. It can be irritating CENTELLA ASIATICA LEAF CELL EXTRACTA plant extract that has been shown to be able to reduce inflammation in skin, support restoration of skin barrier function, as well as support collagen production. It can be irritating to sensitive skin. Might be helpful in preventing stretch marks. It could, however, itself be irritating.CENTELLA ASIATICA FLOWER/LEAF/STEM EXTRACTA plant extract that has been shown to be able to reduce inflammation in skin, support restoration of skin barrier function, as well as support collagen production. Contains active compounds called centelloids: asiaticoside, madecasosside, asiatic acid and madecassic acid. Might be helpful in preventing stretch marks. It can be itself be irritating though. ASIATIC ACIDAn active compound of Centella Asiatica plant extract. In combination with other active compounds of Centella Asiatica extract (asiaticoside, madecasosside and madecassic acid) asiatic acid has been shown to be helpful in wound-healing, restoring skin barrier function and supporting collagen production in skin. It can, however, itself be irritating SISYMBRIUM IRIO SEED OILA plant oil that helps soften the upper layer of the skin. Could help reduce inflammation due to high content of linolenic acid POTASSIUM AZELOYL DIGLYCINATEA derivative of azelaic acid. It is obtained by reacting the chloride of azelaic acid with two molecules of glycine (an amino acid) and potassium hydroxide. It is less studied than azelaic acid, but the available research suggests that it also can be effective in reducing skin redness, hyperpigmentation and blemishes. There are claims that it is more bio-available and more effective than azelaic acid, but no comparison study is available. Potassium azeloyl diglycinate is better soluble in water compared with azelaic acid. Because of this property, products with potassium azeloyl digclycinate can have a nicer texture SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASEAn antioxidant enzyme that is naturally present in skin. It can help support skin barrier function and reduce inflammation in skin. It is used in topical medications for inflammatory skin conditions including atopic dermatitis (eczema) and psoriasis. There are three types of natural Superoxide Dismutase in human skin. The compound used in topical treatments and cosmetics are mimics of typically one of these natural variants HYALURONIC ACIDOne of the best moisturizing ingredients. Attracts water into the upper layer of the skin. Naturally present in skin. Typically has large molecule size unless advertised otherwise on the product label. Helps support skin's barrier function and may help to reduce inflammation CAMELLIA SINENSIS CATECHINSA group of chemical compounds extracted from Green Tea. They can help neutralize free radicals in skin. Might be able to help repair sun damage and clam down inflammation in skin PRUNUS ARMENIACA FRUIT EXTRACTA fruit extract that might have some antioxidant properties and might help attract water to the skin, but evidence of effectiveness is lacking CYANOCOBALAMINCan support skin barrier function and reduce inflammation in skin AMINOBUTYRIC ACIDHas been shown to support wound healing and skin barrier function when used topically in rats. Is likely to be effective in supporting skin's hydration and barrier function, but research for human skin is missing. Might have some anti-aging properties but the research is missing SALICYLAMIDEUsed for anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties. Can help reduce inflammation in skin. If used in higher concentrations, works to exfoliate the skin POLYGONUM AVICULARE EXTRACTA plant extract that contains a flavanol Juglanin. It can help neutralize free radicals in skin and reduce inflammation IMPERATA CYLINDRICA ROOT EXTRACTA plat extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin and attract water to its upper layer MALVA SYLVESTRIS LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that might help in reducing inflammation BOERHAVIA DIFFUSA ROOT EXTRACTA plant extract that might help reduce inflammation and neutralize free radicals CENTAUREA CYANUS FLOWER EXTRACTA plant extract that might have antibacterial effect and help neutralize free radicals ECLIPTA PROSTRATA EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin. It can be irritating COLLOIDAL OATMEAL EXTRACTHelps to restore skin barrier function, soften the upper layer of the skin and calm down inflammation TANACETUM ANNUUM FLOWER OILAn essential oil that has anti-inflammatory properties but also contains irritating compounds LAVANDULA OFFICINALIS FLOWER OILAm essential oil that is used as a fragrance CALENDULA OFFICINALIS FLOWER PLANTAGO LANCEOLATA LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that might have anti-oxidant properties HydrocortisoneA medical ingredient, corticosteroid. Can reduce swelling, itching, redness in inflammatory skin conditions. Consult a doctor if you require a long-term use

Anti-oxidation

ALARIA ESCULENTA EXTRACTWorks as a humectant helping to attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might be effective as an anti-oxidant. ASCORBIC ACIDThe most well-researched antioxidant that works in skin. Helps neutralize free radicals supporting collagen production, helping to even out the skin tone and preventing early signs of aging AVENA SATIVA KERNEL EXTRACTAn effective moisturizing and skin barrier repair ingredient. Helps calm down inflammation and has some anti-oxidant properties BETULA ALBA BARK EXTRACTHas astringent properties. Creates a tightening and drying effect on the skin. Can be irritating BRASSICA OLERACEA ITALICA EXTRACTMight have some anti-inflammatory properties but research is lacking BUTYROSPERMUM PARKII BUTTERA great moisturising ingredient that softens the skin and reduces water loss from its upper layer. It also can be helpful in protecting skin from free radicals CAFFEINEMight be helpful in neutralizing free radicals. Can have a dehydration effect that might somewhat decrease the look of puffy eyes CAMELLIA SINENSIS LEAF EXTRACTCan contain potent anti-oxidant compounds (abbreviated ECG, GCG, EGC, and EGCG) that might help protect the skin from free radicals. Can help calm down inflammation and has some anti-bacterial properties. Unfortunately, these antioxidants are unstable and lose their effectiveness very quickly in products. The concentration of the antioxidant compounds in the extract also tends to be low to be effective in topical formulation CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS SEED OILAn emollient that helps soften the skin and might help calm down inflammation ASCORBYL GLUCOSIDEA vitamin C derivative that is more stable but less potent than pure form of vitamin C. Has a potential to boost collagen production, nutralise free radicals and reduce hyperpigmentation, but the required concentration is likely to be much higher than for the pure form of vitamin C, limiting the ingredient's effectiveness in products VIOLA TRICOLOR EXTRACTA plant extract that might have an anti-inflammatory effect in skin CENTELLA ASIATICA EXTRACTA plant extract that has been shown to be able to reduce inflammation in skin, support restoration of skin barrier function, as well as support collagen production. Contains active compounds called centelloids: asiaticoside, madecasosside, asiatic acid and madecassic acid. Might be helpful in preventing stretch marks. It can be itself be irritating though. BISABOLOLAn active component of chamomile plant that historically has been used to calm down irritated skin. A recent study shows that bisabolol indeed can have some anti-inflammatory effect on skin, even though conclusive data is lacking. Bisabolol has a sweet floral scent and can be added to products for its aromatic properties CAMELLIA SINENSIS LEAFGreen tea leaf powder that might contain antioxidants to help neutralize free radicals in skin COLLOIDAL OATMEALHelps to restore skin barrier function, soften the upper layer of the skin and calm down inflammation COMMIPHORA MUKUL RESIN EXTRACTA plant extract might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals and reducing inflammation in skin MEDICAGO SATIVA EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin CUCUMIS SATIVUS FRUIT EXTRACTMight be somewhat helpful in reducing hyperpigmentation and neutralizing free radicals but its typical concentration in a product is too low for having an effect DIPALMITOYL HYDROXYPROLINEIs claimed to stimulate collagen and elastin production, as well as work as an anti-oxidant. There is however not enough evidence for its effectiveness GLYCINE SOJA SEED EXTRACTAn emollient that helps soften the skin. Might be somewhat helpful in evening the skin tone.GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA ROOT EXTRACTA plant extract that can help lighten the skin and calm down inflammation. Might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals ALCHEMILLA VULGARIS EXTRACTA plant extract that has astringent properties. In other words, it might be able to interact with keratin in the uppermost layer of the skin to reduce swelling and create a temporal tightening effect. It can be irritating MALPIGHIA EMARGINATA SEED EXTRACTCan help neutralize free radicals in skin but is typically not used in a high enough concentration SPINACIA OLERACEA LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant properties NELUMBO NUCIFERA FLOWER EXTRACT PALMITOYL GRAPEVINE SHOOT EXTRACTAn extract from grape plant that can contain a potent antioxidant resveratrol. The manufacturer (Caudalie) claims that this particular extract is effective against hyperpigmentation. This effect would be explained by the resveratrol content. However, there is no independent research confirming the manufacturer's claim beside the potential for anti-oxidant activity RETINOLTwo steps removed from the active form of vitamin A - retinoic acid. Once converted to the retinoic acid in the skin, retinol is proven to be effective against all signs of aging. It improves skin cell turnover, helps fight blemishes and clogged pores, can regulate excess oil production and even skin tone. It can, however, be quite irritating ROSA CANINA FRUIT OILA great emollient. Contains vitamin E (tocopherol) which may give it some anti-oxidant properties. Can contain volatile compounds and can be irritating ROSMARINUS OFFICINALIS LEAF EXTRACTCan be helpful in reducing inflammation in skin. Is a likely irritant SCLEROCARYA BIRREA SEED OILAn emollient that helps to soften the skin. It has a high contetn of oleic acid that might weaken the skin barrier. Might have some anti-oxidant properties. It might be somewhat helpful against hyperpigmentation. SILYBUM MARIANUM EXTRACTMight be able to help neutralize free radical, calm down inflammation in skin, and even skin tone THERMUS THERMOPHILLUS FERMENTMight be helpful in neutralising free radicals in skin and have some hydration properties TOCOPHERYL ACETATEA more stable but less bio-available form of vitamin E compared to Tocopherol. Might help moisturize and protect the skin from free radicals, but mostly used in low concentrations to stabilize other ingredients. CITRULLUS LANATUS FRUIT EXTRACTA plant extract that can contain an antioxidant compound HORDEUM VULGARE EXTRACTA plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant properties. Avoid if you are sensitive to gluten ETHYLBISIMINOMETHYLGUAIACOL MANGANESE CHLORIDEA potent anti-oxidant that can help neutralize free radicals in skin and protect from harmful effects of sun exposure, even though more studies are needed to confirm its effectiveness in topical applications TOCOPHEROLPure form of vitamin E. Can help moisturise and protect the skin from free radicals. Often used to help stabilise other ingredients or the formula itself ERGOTHIONEINECan help neutralize free radicals in skin. Preliminary studies show that it can be more effective than coenzyme Q10 but studies on effective concentration for topical applications are lacking GLYCYRRHETINIC ACIDActive compound of licorice root. Works to calm down inflammation, as an anti-oxidant, and might be helpful in lightening the skin and reducing hyperpigmentation GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that can be effective for calming down inflammation and lightening the skin, but the effectivenss in products can vary significantly based on the extract quality and concentration used HABERLEA RHODOPENSIS LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that if used in high concentration might help to neutralize free radicals in skin POLYGONUM CUSPIDATUM ROOT EXTRACTA plant extract that can contain resveratrol, an antioxidant that can help neutralize free radicals in skin. The effectiveness depends on the extract quality and concentration in the product AMINOPROPYL ASCORBYL PHOSPHATEA more stable but less potent derivative of vitamin C. It can help neautralize free radicals and even out the skin tone if used in high enough concentration (required levels are likely to be much higher than for pure vitamin C, and solid studies are lacking at the moment)LAMINARIA DIGITATA EXTRACTSeaweed extract that helps the skin to attract water and make it more smooth for touch. Also shows promise of anti-aging properties, but good research is lacking at the moment QUERCETINMight be able to help neutralize free radicals in skin TETRAHEXYLDECYL ASCORBATEBeing a lipid soluble form of vitamin C, it is more stable. It is claimed to penetrate skin better than pure vitamin C and have the the similar benefits, but solid studies of its effectiveness are lacking. Is likely to require a higher concentration in a product than pure vitamin C to be effective. UBIQUINONECoenzyme Q10. It helps neutralize free radicals in skin, improves skin hydration and might be helpful agains fine lines and wrinkles. It can be an allergen OLEANOLIC ACIDMight be helpful against blemishes, work as an anti-oxidant, reduce inflammation and improve skin's ability to hold on to moisture, but more research is needed to confirm its effectiveness when applied topically to human skin URSOLIC ACID PARACHLORELLA BEIJERINCKII EXOPOLYSACCHARIDESCompounds extracted from green algae that could help neutralize free radicals, but evidence of effectiveness in skincare products (topical applicaiton) is missing. Helps moisturize the skin by attracting water to its upper layer PHYLLANTHUS EMBLICA FRUIT EXTRACTA plant extract that might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals and have a skin lightening effect if used in high enough concentrations FERULIC ACIDA potent anti-oxidant that has been shown to be effective in neutralizing free radicals in skin. There seem to have a synergetic effect of ferulic acid, vitamin E and C, meaning that when the ingredients are used together, they enhance each other's ability protect the skin against free radicals. Ferulic acid also helps to stabilize other ingredients - including vitamins C and E. It can help to even out the skin tone. Ferulic acid is approved for use as a sunscreen ingredient in Japan in concentrations up to 10% TETRAHYDROBISDEMETHOXYDIFERULOYLMETHANEAn anti-oxidant derived from curcumin (naturally present in tumeric). It might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals in skin and possibly help even out the skin tone. Can be irritating TETRAHYDRODEMETHOXYDIFERULOYLMETHANEAn anti-oxidant derived from curcumin (naturally present in tumeric). Is a part of the tetrahydrocurcuminoids complex (THC). The complex might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals in skin and possibly help even out the skin tone. Can be irritating TETRAHYDRODIFERULOYLMETHANEAn anti-oxidant derived from curcumin (naturally present in tumeric). Is a part of the tetrahydrocurcuminoids complex (THC). The complex might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals in skin and possibly help even out the skin tone. Can be irritating CHLORELLA VULGARIS EXTRACTA plant extract that can help to attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have some anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties NELUMBO NUCIFERA EXTRACTMight be somewhat helpful in protecting elastin in skin and evening skin tone, but good research is lacking. Contains fragrant components and can be irritating. TAURINECould be helpful in reducing inflammation in skin, evening out the skin tone and neutralizing free radicals, but more research is needed to confirm its effectiveness ELLAGIC ACIDCan help neutralize free radicals in skin. It can help prevent and treat hyperpigmentation and even out the skin tone SAMBUCUS NIGRA FRUIT EXTRACTA plant extract that may contain a small amount of essential oils. Might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals in skin SAPINDUS MUKOROSSI PEEL EXTRACTA plant extract that can contain saponins. Might have anti-bactrial and anti-oxidant effect in skin. Also can be used to help oil and water mix together BIFIDA FERMENT LYSATEConsists of remains of dead yeast bacteria cells. Helps to hydrate the skin and reduce irritation. Might has some anti-oxidant effect THEOBROMA CACAO SEED BUTTERHelps soften the upper layer of the skin and can be helpful in restoring the skin barrier function. Might have some anti-oxidant effect CASTANEA SATIVA SEED EXTRACTA plant extract that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and can help neutralize free radicals CREATINECan support skin's ability to neutralize free radicals and produce collagen, though further research is needed to confirm effectiveness COFFEA ARABICA SEED OILMight be helpful in neutralizing free radicals in skin EUTERPE OLERACEA FRUIT EXTRACTA plant extract that can have some anti-oxidant effect in skin MICROCOCCUS LYSATEConsists of remains of dead bacteria cells. Is likely helpful in attracting water to the upper layer of the skin. Might be helpful in reducing inflammation and neutralizing free radicals in skin. It is claimed to be a "DNA repair enzyme"VITIS VINIFERA SEED EXTRACTA plant extract that contains resveratrol and other anti-oxidant compounds that can help neutralize free radicals, reduce inflammation in skin and even out its tone. Can be also used to stabilize the product formulation BETA-GLUCANHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin, calm down inflammation and irritation, restore the barrier function and support wound healing. It can be helpful in reducing fine lines and wrinkles BORAGO OFFICINALIS SEED OILA plant oil that is effective in reducing irritation in skin, restore the barrier function and support its hydration GLUCONOLACTONEA polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that helps shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. Is believed to be genter than AHAs. It helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and can stimulate production of skin's own hyaluronic acid resulting in improved hydration levels. It has been shown to be helpful against acne and clogged pores if used consistently (e.g over a period of 12 weeks) in high enough concentration. It can help reduce fine lines and wrinkles and improve skin tone with long-term application. Can help neutralize free radicals ORYZANOLAn anti-oxidant that helps stabilize product formulations. Might help neutralise free radicals in skin COFFEA ARABICA SEED EXTRACTMight be helpful in neutralizing free radicals in skin ARTEMIA EXTRACTZooplankton extract that can attract water to the upper level of the skin and might have some anti-oxidant effect ZINC GLUCONATETypically used to stabilize the product formulations. It is a salt of a polyhydroxy acid (PHA) and in larger concentrations, can help shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. It can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Might to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Could be helpful in neutralizing free radicals, but solid research is missing. Due to the zinc content, might help calm down inflammation in skin COPPER GLUCONATETypically used to stabilize the product formulations. It is a salt of polyhydroxy acid (PHA) and in larger concentrations, can help shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. It can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Might to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Could be helpful in neutralizing free radicals, but solid research is missing MALTOBIONIC ACIDA polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that helps shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. Is genter than AHAs. In addition, it helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. It has been shown to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Might help reduce fine lines and wrinkles and improve skin tone with long-term application. Can help neutralize free radicals ILEX PARAGUARIENSIS LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that can help neutralize free radicals in skin. Can contain fragrand compounds like linalool that can be irritating PUNICA GRANATUM EXTRACTA plant extract that can help neutralize free radicals in skin and even out the skin tone, but is typically used in products in a concentration that is too low to be effective ZINC PCAA compound that combines zinc with a hydrating ingredient PCA. Might to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Can help calm down inflammation in skin. Could be helpful in reducing the formation of free radicals in skin. Might help to reduce fine lines in wrinkles, but solid evidence is missing CHRYSINMight be helpful in reducing fine lines and wrinkles, as well as lightening the skin, but solid evidence is missing. Could somewhat help in reducing the darkness of the under-eye area. Helps to neutralise free radicals in skin SODIUM ASCORBYL PHOSPHATEA stable derivative of vitamin C. It is oil-soluble which means it is more likely to penetrate the skin compared to the pure form of vitamin C (which is water-soluble), but it is less bio-available and is way less effective in stimulating collagen and reducing wrinkles compared to the pure form of vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) and its other derivatives (for example, magnesium ascorbyl phosphate). At the same time, this vitamin C derivative has been shown in studies to be effective in reducing acne, blemishes and clogged pores. It is less irritating then the pure form of vitamin C SQUALENEAn oil that is naturally part of skin sebum that helps to soften its upper layer, reduce water loss and neutralize free radicals. It might be comedogenic. Avoid applying large concentrations (or pure oil) before sun exposure as oxidized squalene can clog pores and lead to skin irritation. Today squalene is mostly derived from vegetable oils or synthetized by yeast DUNALIELLA SALINA EXTRACTA green micro-algae extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin, but solid evidence is lacking. It helps to soften the upper layer of the skin VACCINIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM FRUIT EXTRACTA plant extract tha can have anti-oxidant properties, but evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking ULMUS DAVIDIANA ROOT EXTRACTA plant root extract that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. It might have an anti-inflammatory effect and could help neturalize free radicals in skin LACTOBIONIC ACIDA polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that helps shed dead cells from the surface of the skin revealing a smoother, more even skin. PHAs tend to be gentler on the skin compared to AHAs (for example, glycolic acid). It also has hydrating properties and helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. It can help calm down inflammation in skin and support restoration of the barrier function. It has an anti-oxidant effect as well. It can help reduce fine line, wrinkles and improve skin elasticity DECARBOXY CARNOSINE HCLMight be able to protect the skin from free radicals, but further evidence of effectiveness is needed GINKGO BILOBA LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals and reduce inflammation in skin. It can be irritating EPILOBIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals and calm down irritation in skin. However, it can contain compounds that can be irritating themselves SALIX ALBA BARK EXTRACTA plant extract that can help neutralize free radicals in skin. It contains a compound salicin that can theoretically be converted into salicylic acid that, in turn, helps reduce inflammation in skin, but the evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking and the extract is usually not used in a concentration that would enable an exfoliating effect TOCOTRIENOLSA type of vitamin E that is more powerful in neutralizing free radicals compared to its other forms CHITOSANInhibits acne-causing bacteria on the surface of the skin. Can help to reduce inflammation caused by bacteria. Helps neutralize free radicals in skin. Helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin PINUS PINASTER BARK EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals and reduce hyperpigmentation, but evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking LONICERA JAPONICA FLOWER EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin. Can contain volalite oils and be irritating LONICERA CAPRIFOLIUM FLOWER EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin. Can contain volalite oils and be irritating SELAGINELLA LEPIDOPHYLLA EXTRACTA plant extract that might be able to attract water to the upper layer of the skin, soften it and have some antioxidant effect, but evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking CARNOSINEA type of peptide. It attracts water to the upper layer of the skin. It can help neutralize free radicals in skin combatting the sun damage LEONTOPODIUM ALPINUM CALLUS CULTURE EXTRACTA plant stem cell extract that might help neutralize free radicals and reduce inflammation in skin OENOTHERA BIENNIS SEEDA plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant properties but evidence is lacking VACCINIUM MACROCARPON SEED OILA plant oil that can help neutralize free radicals, soften the upper layer of the skin, and support skin's barrier function LYCOPENEHelps neutralize free radicals in skin combating sun damage. Adds a red color to the product EUTERPE OLERACEA FRUIT OILA plant oil that might help neutralize free radicals, but evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking DAUCUS CAROTA SATIVA SEED OILA plant oil that might help neutralize free radicals and have an anti-bacterial effect HYDROXYDECYL UBIQUINONEAn analogue of coenzyme Q10 that has a lower molecular weight, which can improve its ability to penetrate the skin. It helps neutralize free radicals in skin, improves skin hydration and might be helpful agains fine lines and wrinkles. It can be an allergen LYCIUM BARBARUM FRUIT EXTRACTA plant extract that can help neutralize free radicals in skin and attract water to its upper layer ROSMARINUS OFFICINALIS LEAF OILA plant oil with high content of volatile compounds that can irritate the skin. Can be used as a fragrance. Has anti-bacterial properties and might help neutralize free radicals on the surface of the skin RESVERATROLHelps neutralize free radicals in skin and might help reduce fine lines and wrinkles, as well as even out the skin tone BUDDLEJA OFFICINALIS FLOWER EXTRACTA plant flower extract that might help calm down inflammation in skin and neutralize free radicals, but evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking SCENEDESMUS RUBESCENS EXTRACTA micro-algae extract that might help attract water to the upper layer of the skin, support its barrier function, amd might help neutralize free radicals, but evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking HYDROLYZED GINSENG SAPONINSPlant extract that might help calm down inflammation in skin and neutralize free radicals, but effectiveness of topical application is not confirmed. Can be an allergen ENANTIA CHLORANTHA BARK EXTRACTA bark extract that might help clam down inflammation and neutralize free radicals , but evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking BRASSICA OLERACEA CAPITATA LEAF EXTRACTPlant extract that might help calm down inflammation and have some anti-oxidant properties SEA WHIP EXTRACTMight help neutrlize free radicals, calm down inflammation, and attract water to the upper layer of the skin LACTOCOCCUS FERMENT LYSATEConsists of remains of dead bacteria cells. Is likely helpful in attracting water to the upper layer of the skin. Might be helpful in reducing inflammation and neutralizing free radicals in skin GLUCONIC ACIDA polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that helps shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. Is believed to be genter than AHAs. It helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and can stimulate production of skin's own hyaluronic acid resulting in imporved hydration levels. It has been shown to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Might help reduce fine lines and wrinkles and improve skin tone with long-term application. Can help neutralize free radicals ASPALATHUS LINEARIS LEAF EXTRACTPlant extract that might have help to neutralize free radicals in skin, but evidence of effectiveness is skin is lacking BUTYROSPERMUM PARKII BUTTER UNSAPONIFIABLESA great moisturizing ingredient that softens the skin and reduces water loss from its upper layer. It also can be helpful in protecting skin from free radicals TREMELLA FUCIFORMIS SPOROCARP EXTRACTMushroom extract that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin CERATONIA SILIQUA FRUIT EXTRACTPlant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin and even out skin tone, but evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking RICE FERMENT FILTRATEHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Might have some anti-oxidant properties ASTAXANTHINHelps neutralize free radicals in skin and might help to calm down inflammation GALACTOMYCES FERMENT FILTRATEA yeast ferment filtrate (also known as Pitera - a trademarked name for the filtrate reserved by the SK-II brand). It helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin, can help neutralize antioxidants and can be helpful in evening out the skin tone. It might be somewhat helpful in preventing premature skin aging but solid evidence is lacking. A small manufacturer study also shows that, when used in high concentrations, it can help reduce sebum production and help against blocked pores ZANTHOXYLUM PIPERITUM FRUIT EXTRACTPlant extract that has some anti-oxidant properties. It can be irritating. Can be used to improve the product's smell MORUS ALBA BARK EXTRACTA plant extract that might have anti-oxidant properties and help even out skin tone, but solid evidence is lacking VISCUM ALBUM LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that has anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial properties and might help neutralize free radicals in skin, but solid research is lacking PERILLA OCYMOIDES SEED EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin but solid research is lacking. Contains a number of volatile compounds and can be irritating PERILLA OCYMOIDES SEED OILA plant extract that works as an emollient. It might help neutralize free radicals in skin but solid research is lacking. Contains some volatile compounds and could be irritating PERILLA OCYMOIDES LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin but solid research is lacking. Contains a number of volatile compounds and could be irritating LACTOBACILLUS/ARUNDINARIA GIGANTEA LEAF FERMENT FILTRATEFermented bamboo. Is used to create a nice product texture. Might have some antioxidant effect POLYGONUM BISTORTA ROOT EXTRACTA plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant properties and is claimed by its manufacturer to be able to decrease lines and wrinkles but evidence is lacking CARDIOSPERMUM HALICACABUM FLOWER/LEAF/VINE EXTRACTA plant extract that might have some anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties but evidence is missing EPILOBIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM FLOWER/LEAF/STEM EXTRACTA plant extract that might contain antioxidants APHANIZOMENON FLOS-AQUAE EXTRACTAn extract from ablue-green algae. Can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might help to neutralize free radicals 3-GLYCERYL ASCORBATEA moisturizing vitamin C derivative. It is considered to be one of the most stable ones. It is effective in neutralizing free radicals and can help to even out the skin tone if used in high enough concentration 3-O-ETHYL ASCORBIC ACIDA vitamin C derivative that is more stable but less potent than pure form of vitamin C. Can help neutralize free radicals and help reduce hyperpigmentation, but the required concentration is likely to be much higher than for the pure form of vitamin C, limiting the ingredient's effectiveness in products ACTINIDIA CHINENSIS FRUIT EXTRACTA plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant properties, but evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking ASCOPHYLLUM NODOSUM EXTRACTBrown seaweed extract. Can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have some antioxidant effect ASPARAGOPSIS ARMATA EXTRACTRed seaweed extract. Can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have some antioxidant effect CORALLINA OFFICINALIS EXTRACTRed algae extract that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might contain antioxidants ECHINACEA ANGUSTIFOLIA EXTRACTPlant extract that might contain antioxidants, have antibacterial effect and help reduce inflammation, but solid evidence is lacking. Can be irritating HAEMATOCOCCUS PLUVIALIS EXTRACTGreen algae extract that might contain antioxidant astaxanthin HESPERIDIN METHYL CHALCONEMight help neutralize free radicals in skin. Is claimed to be able to improve the appearance of undereye darkness but evidence is missing. Can be an allergen and cause irritation PORTULACA OLERACEA EXTRACTA plant extract that has some anti-oxidant activity, but solid research is lacking. Can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin PORTULACA PILOSA EXTRACT SAMBUCUS NIGRA FLOWER EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin TAMARINDUS INDICA EXTRACTA plant extract that might have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect in skin but solid evidence is lacking UNDARIA PINNATIFIDA EXTRACTA seaweed extract that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have an anti-oxidant effect HYDROLYZED PRUNUS DOMESTICAA plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant properties PRUNUS MUME FRUIT EXTRACTA plant extract that might have an anti-oxidant effect and help even out skin tone, but solid evidence of effectiveness is lacking PALMARIA PALMATA EXTRACTRed algae extract that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin PROPOLIS EXTRACTA complex substance produced by honey bees. Can have anti-bacterial and some anti-oxidant effect. Is an allergen and can be irritating RUBUS IDAEUS SEED OILA plant oil that might be able to help neutralize free radicals in skin MADECASSOSIDEAn antioxidant that is typically derived from plant Centella Asiatica. It can help neutralize free radicals in skin and support skin barrier function. It could, however, itself be irritating. It is often unstable in formulations BAKUCHIOLA plant extract that is, though different in chemical structure, acts similar to retinoids. First studies show that it can help reduce fine lines and wrinkles, improve skin tone, reduce clogged pores and blemishes, and reduce inflammation. There is no conclusive evidence that bakuchiol is as effective as retinol however. The study that directly compared retinol with bakuchiol used bakuchiol applied twice daily compared to once per day for the retinol. According to this study, bakuchiol is less irritating than retinol. Bakuchiol is extracted from seeds of Babchi plant. Other parts of the plant contain coumarins that could cause allergic and irritant reactions. These compounds should be removed in the extraction process when bakuchiol is produced, but it is a good idea to be cautious and stay away from products that include the Babchi plant extracts other than purified bakuchiol to avoid irritation YEAST EXTRACTHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have some anti-oxidant and skin lightening properties. It can help calm down inflammation in skin HEXYLRESORCINOLMight be helpful in reducing hyperpigmentation and neutralizing free radicals in skin AZELAIC ACIDIs produced by a yeast that lives on normal human skin. It is used in medicine as a topical treatment for mild to moderate acne. It has a mild exfoliating effect. It can also help reduce hyperpigmentation, helps calm down inflammation and can help neutralize free radicals CANNABIDIOL - DERIVED FROM EXTRACT OR TINCTURE OR RESIN OF CANNABISCBD. Can bind to skin cell receptors and can reduce inflammation, itching, and help support skin barrier function CANNABIDIOL - SYNTHETICALLY PRODUCEDCBD. Can bind to skin cell receptors and can reduce inflammation, itching, and help support skin barrier function KOJIC ACIDHelps to reduce hyperpigmentation and neutralize free radicals. Can be irritating RETINYL LINOLEATEAn ester of a retinoid and linoleic acid. Three steps removed from the bioactive form of retinoid, retinoic acid. Once converted to retinoic acid in skin, it can help reduce wrinkles, stimulate collagen production, even out skin tone and reduce blemishes. The concentrations used in cosmetic products are often not high enough to have a positive effect in skin. ARGININE PCAAn amino-acid. Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and can help neutralize free radicals in skin CASSIA ALATA LEAF EXTRACTMight have some anti-oxidant properties. Can be used as a fragrance. Can be irritating ECHINACEA PURPUREA EXTRACTPlant extract that might have some anti-oxidant properties. Can be irritating ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM EXTRACTPlant extract that can help neutralize free radicals in skin. Can be used as a fragrance. Can be irritating AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM SEED EXTRACTPlant extract. Might have some anti-oxidant properties. Can be irritating ARCTIUM LAPPA ROOT EXTRACTPlant extract. Has some anti-microbial and anti-oxidant properties. Can be irritating HYDROLYZED OPUNTIA FICUS-INDICA FLOWER EXTRACTA plant extract. Can help attract water the upper layer of the skin and might have some anti-oxidant properties BUTYROSPERMUM PARKII OIL SCHISANDRA CHINENSIS FRUIT EXTRACTA berry extract that might help neutralize free radicals on the surface of the skin ANGELICA KEISKEI LEAF/STEM EXTRACTA fragrant plant extract. Might have some anti-oxidant properties. Can be irritating NARCISSUS TAZETTA BULB EXTRACTMight contain compounds called dormins that in theory could help lighten skin and reduce hyperpigmentation, but solid research is lacking PYRUS MALUS FRUIT EXTRACTCan have some moisturizing properties due to its sugar content THIOCTIC ACID GLYCYRRHIZA INFLATA ROOT EXTRACTA plant extract that can help lighten the skin and calm down inflammation. Might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals APIUM GRAVEOLENS SEED EXTRACT NARINGENINA flavanoid that can be found in high concentrations in grapefruits, oranges, other citrus fruits, and tomato skin. Early studies suggest that it might be able to help reduce inflammation in skin and neutralize free radicals ASIATICOSIDEAn active compound of Centella Asiatica plant extract. In combination with other active compounds of Centella Asiatica extract (madecasosside, asiatic acid and madecassic acid), asiaticoside has been shown to be helpful in wound-healing, restoring skin barrier function and supporting collagen production in skin. It can, however, itself be irritating ADENOSINEMight help improve cell turnover and reduce inflammation in skin. One study shows that the ingredients might be able to stimulate collagen production in skin SPIRAEA ULMARIA FLOWER EXTRACTMight have some anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Can be irritating CAMELLIA SEED OILOil from tea seeds. Can help neutralize free radicals in skin SCUTELLARIA BAICALENSIS ROOT EXTRACTA plant extract that might contain a compound baicalin that could be helpful in neutralizing free radicals and reducing inflammation in skin. The baicalin concentration in skincare products is often too low for an effective action. Can be used for its fragrant properties HYDROXYDECYL UBIQUINOYL DIPALMITOYL GLYCERATEIdebenone complex. Helps neutralize free radicals in skin OENOTHERA BIENNIS OILHelps soften the upper layer of the skin and can support skin barrier function TOCOPHERYL LINOLEATEA relative of vitamin E (Tocopherol). It can have an anti-oxidant effect in skin and/or to stabilize the product fromulation. It could be irritating but most of the reported allergy and irritation cases appeared in one geographic location (Switzerland) in 1992, and might be due to the quality issues in manufacturing of a particular batch of the ingredient PIMPINELLA ANISUM FRUIT EXTRACTA plant extract that can have some anti-oxidant properties. Can be used as a fragrance and to help preserve product formulations. Can be irritating PHLORETINAn antioxidant. Can help neutralize free radicals in skin CAMELLIA SINENSIS EXTRACTTea extract. Might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals in skin JUNIPERUS COMMUNIS FRUIT EXTRACTBerry extract that might have some anti-oxidant effect BACKHOUSIA CITRIODORA LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract used mostly as a fragrance. Can have some anti-microbial and anti-oxidant properties CAMELLIA OLEIFERA LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that can help neutralize free radicals and reduce inflammation, even though it is not usually used in sufficient concentration in cosmetics CEREUS GRANDIFLORUS FLOWER EXTRACTA cactus extract that can help neutralize free radicals because it contains a chemical compound called betacyanins and flavonolglycosides. Can help make the surface of the skin dryer helping make pores look smaller for a very short period of time. The concentrations usually used in cosmetics are too small to have any effect FICUS CARICA FRUIT EXTRACTA plant extract that can help neutralize free radicals. The concentrations typically used in cosmetics are too small to have an effect HOVENIA DULCIS FRUIT EXTRACTA plant extract MALPIGHIA PUNICIFOLIA FRUIT EXTRACTA fruit extract that might help neutralize free radicals. The concentrations typically used in cosmetics are too small to have an effect CAMELLIA SINENSIS LEAF WATERGreen tea leaf water. Might have some minimal anti-oxidant effect LUFFA CYLINDRICA FRUIT EXTRACTA fruit extract that might be somewhat helpful in neutrlizing free radicals HIBISCUS ESCULENTUS FRUIT EXTRACTA plant extract that might help to neutralize free radicals. It can be irritating CALENDULA OFFICINALIS FLOWER OILA plant oil that might have an antibacterial and some antioxidant effect. Is a common allergen and irritant EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATYL GLUCOSIDEA synthetic version of green tea polyphenol that helps neutralize free radicals in skin MELIA AZADIRACHTA FLOWER EXTRACTA plant extract that might be helpful to neutralize free radicals in skin HIPPOPHAE RHAMNOIDES FRUIT OILA plant oil that might somewhat help to neutralize free radicals. It could be irritating COENOCHLORIS SIGNIENSIS EXTRACTAn algae extract that might help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and neutralize free radicals MORINGA OLEIFERA SEED EXTRACTHelps soften the upper layer of the skin and might have some antioxidant effect ERIOBOTRYA JAPONICA LEAF EXTRACTPlant extract that might be somewhat helpful in neutralizing free radicals in skin CHLORELLA PYRENOIDOSA EXTRACTAn algae extract. Can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might help neutralize free radicals in skin RUTINAn antioxidant that might help neutralize free radicals in skin PHASEOLUS LUNATUS SEED EXTRACTBean seed extract. It might have some anti-oxidant properties OCIMUM SANCTUM LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that is rich in a fragrance compound eugenol that is a frequent allergen and can be irritating. It might also contain anti-oxidants to help neutralize free radicals ALOE BARBADENSIS FLOWER EXTRACTA plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant effect SOLANUM MELONGENA FRUIT EXTRACTEggplant fruit extract. Might have some anti-oxidant effect COCCINIA INDICA FRUIT EXTRACTA plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant effect helping neutralize free radicals in skin ALBIZIA JULIBRISSIN BARK/SEED EXTRACTA plant extract that might help to neutralize free radicals in skin. Is claimed to help reduce hyperpigmentation but evidence is missing ALBIZIA JULIBRISSIN BRANCH/LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that might help to neutralize free radicals in skin. Is claimed to help reduce hyperpigmentation but evidence is missing ALBIZIA JULIBRISSIN SEED EXTRACTA plant extract that might help to neutralize free radicals in skin. Is claimed to help reduce hyperpigmentation but evidence is missing ARTEMISIA VULGARIS EXTRACTA plant extract that might have some anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. It can be irritating DIMETHYLMETHOXY CHROMANOLCan help neutralize free radicals in skin COLLOIDAL GOLD/CAMELLIA SINENSIS LEAF POWDERMight provide some anti-oxidant benefits and help attract water to the upper layer of the skin TOCOPHERYL GLUCOSIDEAntioxidant that helps stabilize product formulations and, if used in higher concentration, might help neutralize free radicals in skin MEDICAGO SATIVA SEED POWDERMight help soften the upper layer of the skin and help thicken the product formulation. It might have some anti-oxidant effect PANCRATIUM MARITIMUM EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin. It might help reduce hyperpigmentation ANOGEISSUS LEIOCARPUS BARK EXTRACTA tree bark extract that has antibacterial properties and might have an anti-oxidant effect. Its effectiveness in skin has not been studied VACCINIUM MYRTILLUS FRUIT EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin, but research on its efficacy in skin is lacking EMBLICA OFFICINALIS FRUIT EXTRACTA plant extract that might be helping in neutralizing free radicals in skin. It could help reduce hyperpigmentation. There is some research to confirm its effectiveness in skin RUBUS IDAEUS FRUIT EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin, bu research on its effectiveness is lacking RUBUS FRUTICOSUS FRUIT EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin MALPIGHIA GLABRA FRUIT EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin, but research on its effectiveness is lacking HIPPOPHAE RHAMNOIDES FRUIT EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin, but research on its effectiveness is lacking FRAGARIA VESCA FRUIT EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin, but research on its effectiveness is lacking MYRCIARIA DUBIA FRUIT EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin, but research on its effectiveness is lacking OPHIOPOGON JAPONICUS ROOT EXTRACTPlant extract that might help neutralize free radicals and support skin barrier function, but research on its effectiveness in skin is lacking CALENDULA OFFICINALIS EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin PEARL POWDERConsists of 95% calcium carbonate that does not have any effect on the skin. The remaining 5% can include compounds that can help neutralize free radicals and support skin barrier function PAEONIA LACTIFLORA ROOT EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals and reduce hyperpigmentation, but the research on its effectiveness in skin is lacking SACCHAROMYCES/BARLEY SEED FERMENT FILTRATEA yeast extract that can help neutralize free radicals in skin and can help attract water to its upper layers HORDEUM VULGARE SEED EXTRACTA grain extract. It might contain compounds that help neutralize free radicals in skin CAMELLIA JAPONICA LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin OPUNTIA COCCINELLIFERA FRUIT EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASEAn antioxidant enzyme that is naturally present in skin. It can help support skin barrier function and reduce inflammation in skin. It is used in topical medications for inflammatory skin conditions including atopic dermatitis (eczema) and psoriasis. There are three types of natural Superoxide Dismutase in human skin. The compound used in topical treatments and cosmetics are mimics of typically one of these natural variants CAMELLIA SINENSIS CATECHINSA group of chemical compounds extracted from Green Tea. They can help neutralize free radicals in skin. Might be able to help repair sun damage and clam down inflammation in skin GLUTATHIONEA peptide that can help neutralize free radicals in skin and reduce melanin production resulting in skin lightening effect and reduction in hyperpigmentation. It can also help attract moisture to the upper layer of the skin PLEIOGYNIUM TIMORIENSE FRUIT EXTRACTA fruit extract that might help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and have some anti-oxidant effect, but evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking PODOCARPUS ELATUS FRUIT EXTRACTA fruit extract that might help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have some antioxidant properties but evidence of effectiveness in skin is missing TARTARIC ACIDAn AHA (alpha-hydroxy acid). It oxidizes quickly which makes it less effective in skincare formulations. It can support skin's barrier and moisture levels CUCUMIS MELO CANTALUPENSIS FRUIT EXTRACTA fruit extract that might help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have some antioxidant properties but evidence of effectiveness in skin is missing CAMELLIA SINENSIS SEED OILA plant oil that helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and can help restore the skin barrier. Might have some anti-oxidant effect PYRIDOXINEMight help neutralize free radicals in skin, but evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking. It might be irritating ROSA ROXBURGHII FRUIT EXTRACTA fruit extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin, but evidence of effectiveness is missing PORPHYRA YEZOENSIS EXTRACTHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have some anti-oxidant properties CUCUMIS MELO FRUIT EXTRACTA fruit extract that might have some anti-oxidant properties RUBUS IDAEUS LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant properties but evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking RIBES NIGRUM LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant properties but evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking ISOQUERCITRINAntioxidant that might help reduce free radicals and reduce melanin production, but more research is needed to understand if it is effective in skin HYPERICUM PERFORATUM FLOWER/LEAF/STEM EXTRACTA plant extract (perforate St John's-wort) that might have some anti-oxidant effect. Can be used as a fragrance and be irritating HYDROXYMETHOXYPHENYL DECANONEAn anti-oxidant. It might be able to neutralize free radicals in skin. The manufacturer claims that it is able to stimulate synthesis of hyaluronic acid in skin, but there is no evidence of effectiveness of this ingredient so far CYSTEINEMight help neutralize free radicals in skin and might be helpful against hyperpigmentation KAPPAPHYCUS ALVAREZII EXTRACTA red algae extract that can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have some antioxidant properties PSEUDOZYMA EPICOLA/CAMELLIA SINENSIS SEED OIL/GLUCOSE/MALT EXTRACT/SOYBEAN FLOUR/YEAST EXTRACT FERMENT FILTRATEHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might help neutralize free radicals FUCOXANTHINCan have an antioxidant effect in skin CURCUMA LONGA LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant effect HUMAN ADIPOSE DERIVED STEM CELL CONDITIONED MEDIAA stem cell extract. There is no evidence that it is effective when applied topically to the skin LACTOBACILLUS FERMENTA fermentation product created by bacteria Lactobacillus. The fermented product has anti-bacterial properties and might be helpful in calming down inflammation, but studies are lacking. Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Can be used as a preservative ASCORBIC ACID POLYPEPTIDEA type of peptide. Might help neutralize free radicals in skin. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles CARYODENDRON ORINOCENSE SEED OILA plant oil with a high content of linoleic acid that helps soften the upper layer of the skin and helps strengthen the skin barrier. It is an excellent moisturizer. Might have an anti-oxidant effect ASPERGILLUS FERMENTAn extract from fungus (mold) that typically appears on rice. It can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin, might help neutralize free radicals and possibly somewhat reduce hyperpigmentation ESCULINA coumarin glucoside often extracted from chestnut. It can help neutralize free radicals in skin and in theory could help strengthen capillaries, but there is no research to confirm its effectiveness in skin SALVIA MILTIORRHIZA ROOT EXTRACTAn aromatic plant root extract with a mint-like smell. Can be irritating. Used as a fragrance. Might have some anti-oxidant effect ZANTHOXYLUM BUNGEANUM FRUIT EXTRACTPepper extract. Might help neutralize free radicals in skin ANNONA CHERIMOLA FRUIT EXTRACTA fruit extract that might have an anti-oxidant effect in skin N-NICOTINOYL DOPAMINEA niacinamide derivative. It is less effective than niacinamide against hyperpigmentation, but can have an anti-oxidant effect in skin POLYGONUM AVICULARE EXTRACTA plant extract that contains a flavanol Juglanin. It can help neutralize free radicals in skin and reduce inflammation IMPERATA CYLINDRICA ROOT EXTRACTA plat extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin and attract water to its upper layer BOERHAVIA DIFFUSA ROOT EXTRACTA plant extract that might help reduce inflammation and neutralize free radicals CRYPTOMERIA JAPONICA LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that might have antioxidant effect in skin ASCORBYL TETRAISOPALMITATEA vitamin C derivative. Studies show that is might be effective in reducing hyperpigmentation, but there are no studies confirming that it is effectively converted into the bioavailable form of Vitamin C in skin. It is not clear how this derivative compares in effectiveness to the topical application of bioavailable form of vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) VITIS VINIFERA OILA great emollient that can also have anti-oxidant properties MALVA SYLVESTRIS LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that might help in reducing inflammation CAMELLIA JAPONICA FLOWER EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin ECLIPTA PROSTRATA EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin. It can be irritating CENTAUREA CYANUS FLOWER EXTRACTA plant extract that might have antibacterial effect and help neutralize free radicals ALTHAEA OFFICINALIS ROOT EXTRACTA plant extract that can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might help to reduce inflammation VACCINIUM CORYMBOSUM SEED OILHelps soften the upper layer of the skin, support the skin's barrier function and might help neutralize free radicals TretinoinBioavailable form of Vitamin A that is the most effective known topical ingredients for reducing wrinkles, improving skin firmness, treating acne, as well as hyperpigmentation. It is not available over-the counter in many countries, including US and UK PENTAPEPTIDE-34 TRIFLUOROACETATEA type of peptide that works as a great moisturizer. It might also have some anti-aging effect and help neutralize free radicals in skin GARCINIA MANGOSTANA FRUIT EXTRACTA fruit extract that might have some anti-oxidant properties PANAX GINSENG EXTRACTA plant extract that might have anti-oxidant properties. Can be irritating LAVANDULA OFFICINALIS FLOWER OILAm essential oil that is used as a fragrance MALUS DOMESTICA FRUIT EXTRACTHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin ARGANIA SPINOSA SPROUT CELL EXTRACTPlant stem cell extract. Can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals UBIDECARENONEA less bioavailable form of coQ10 (compared to ubiquinone)LITHOSPERMUM ERYTHRORHIZON ROOT EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin. Can be used for its fragrance PUNICA GRANATUM SEED EXTRACT COPTIS JAPONICA ROOT EXTRACTA plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant properties COPTIS CHINENSIS ROOT EXTRACTA plant extract that might have antioxidant properties CROTON LECHLERI RESIN EXTRACTA plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant properties ANEMARRHENA ASPHODELOIDES ROOT EXTRACTA plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant properties ACETYL ZINGERONEHelps neutralize free radicals PLANTAGO LANCEOLATA LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that might have anti-oxidant properties ACANTHOPANAX SENTICOSUS ROOT EXTRACTA plant extract that might have antioxidant properties CARAPA GUAIANENSIS SEED OILA plant oil that contains limonoids. Might help neutralize free radicals in skin. Can be irritating ROSMARINYL GLUCOSIDEHelps neutralize free radicals in skin and might help to reduce inflammation ARBUTINBeta-arbutin. Can help to reduce hyperpigmentation and has an anti-oxidant effect when used in high enough concentration. Is less effective compared to alpha-arbutin HYDROLYZED VITIS LABRUSCA SKIN EXTRACTAn extract from grape skin. Might help neutralize free radicals in skin CAMELLIA JAPONICA SEED EXTRACTA plant extract that might have anti-oxidant properties FRAGARIA ANANASSA SEED EXTRACT COMBRETUM MICRANTHUM LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant properties SYZYGIUM LUEHMANNII FRUIT EXTRACT ACETYL TYROSINAMIDEAn amino acid derivative. A manufacturer's study shows that it can help somewhat reduce wrinkles when used in combination with a low concentration of glycolic acid. No independent human in-vivo studies of this compound are available ARISTOTELIA CHILENSIS FRUIT EXTRACTA plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant properties. Can be used as a fragrance CANARIUM OVATUM EXTRACT PERILLA FRUTESCENS LEAF EXTRACTUsed as a fragrance for its mint-like smell SCUTELLARIA BAICALENSIS EXTRACTA plant extract that might contain a compound baicalin that could be helpful in neutralizing free radicals and reducing inflammation in skin. The baicalin concentration in skincare typically too low. Can be used for its fragrant properties PYRUS MALUS SEED EXTRACTApple seed extract. Might help neutralize free radicals in skin PAEONIA SUFFRUTICOSA ROOT EXTRACT ROSE FLOWER OILFlower oil that is used as a fragrance PYRIDOXINE HCLMight help neutralize free radicals in skin TARAXACUM OFFICINALE ROOT EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin. Can be irritating GARDENIA JASMINOIDES MERISTEM CELL CULTUREA stem cell extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATEA polyphenol found in tea. This particular compound abbreviated EGCG is the most powerful antioxidant among those extracted from tea (usually green tea). Unfortunately, EGCG is unstable, requires a low pH (below 4) to prevent quick degradation, and does not penetrate the skin very well. This is why the full anti-oxidant effect of EGCG is typically not realized when it is added to topical skincare CORNUS OFFICINALIS FRUIT EXTRACTA plant extract that contains anti-oxidants. It might help to neutralize free radicals in skin. Can be used to help preserve the product formulation RESVERATROL DIMETHYL ETHERA more stable derivative of anti-oxidant resveratrol. There is not enough research to confirm its efficacy in skin SPIRULINA PLATENSIS EXTRACTAn algae extract. Might help to attract water to the upper layer of the skin and have an anti-oxidant effect CAESALPINIA SPINOSA FRUIT POD EXTRACTA plant extract with antioxidant effect. Is often added to skincare to boost SPF SYMPHYTUM OFFICINALE ROOT EXTRACTA plant extract that might be able to help decrease inflammation in skin and have an anti-oxidant effect

Evens skin tone

1-TRIMETHYL-2-CYCLOHEXENYL-1-PENTEN-3-ONE ASCORBYL TETRAISOPALMITATEA vitamin C derivative. Studies show that is might be effective in reducing hyperpigmentation, but there are no studies confirming that it is effectively converted into the bioavailable form of Vitamin C in skin. It is not clear how this derivative compares in effectiveness to the topical application of bioavailable form of vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) ASCORBYL GLUCOSIDEA vitamin C derivative that is more stable but less potent than pure form of vitamin C. Has a potential to boost collagen production, nutralise free radicals and reduce hyperpigmentation, but the required concentration is likely to be much higher than for the pure form of vitamin C, limiting the ingredient's effectiveness in products ACETYL GLUCOSAMINEAn effective moisturizing ingredient that also has been shown to be effective in evening out the skin tone and reducing hyperpigmentation. It can help somewhat reduce wrinkles in skin GLUCOSAMINE HCLMight be able to stimulate production of skin's natural moisturizing compounds such as hyaluronic acid. Could be helpful for evening the skin tone.GLYCINE SOJA SEED EXTRACTAn emollient that helps soften the skin. Might be somewhat helpful in evening the skin tone.GLYCOLIC ACIDAn alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA) that helps to remove the dead skin cells on the surface of the skin reveling a more even, smoother complexation. It is also able to stimulate collagen production with long-term use. Could help to reduce pore congestion. It can be irritating to the skin. Apply sunscreen daily if using products with glycolic acid GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA ROOT EXTRACTA plant extract that can help lighten the skin and calm down inflammation. Might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals LACTIC ACIDAn exfoliating and moisturizing alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA). Typically causes less irritation than other AHAs, for example, glycolic acid. At high concentrations (about 15%), lactic acid can help reduce lines and wrinkles. Recent studies show that lactic acid can support the "good" bacteria living on skin's surface (healthy skin microbiom) NIACINAMIDEIs proven to be effective in reducing blemishes, evening out skin tone and helping to improve lines and wrinkles. It helps the skin to repair sun damage, calm down inflammation and keep maintain good levels of moisture PALMITOYL GRAPEVINE SHOOT EXTRACTAn extract from grape plant that can contain a potent antioxidant resveratrol. The manufacturer (Caudalie) claims that this particular extract is effective against hyperpigmentation. This effect would be explained by the resveratrol content. However, there is no independent research confirming the manufacturer's claim beside the potential for anti-oxidant activity MAGNESIUM ASCORBYL PHOSPHATEA derivative of vitamin C that is more stable, but less bioavailable than the pure form of vitamin C. It does not penetrate the skin well, but has been shown to convert to pure vitamin C once in skin. It can be helpful in stimulating collagen production and lightening the skin tone, but the required concentration is likely to be very high STEARYL GLYCYRRHETINATEA fatty acid derived from licorice. Works as an emollient and can help calm down inflammation DIPOTASSIUM GLYCYRRHIZATEA salt derived from licorice. Works as an emollient to soften the upper layer of the skin and can help calm down inflammation. Might be helpful for skin lightening GLYCYRRHETINIC ACIDActive compound of licorice root. Works to calm down inflammation, as an anti-oxidant, and might be helpful in lightening the skin and reducing hyperpigmentation AMINOPROPYL ASCORBYL PHOSPHATEA more stable but less potent derivative of vitamin C. It can help neautralize free radicals and even out the skin tone if used in high enough concentration (required levels are likely to be much higher than for pure vitamin C, and solid studies are lacking at the moment)RETINYL PALMITATEThree steps removed from the active form of vitamin A - retinoic acid. To have an effect in the skin, it first needs to be converted twice to become the retinoic acid. This means it is less potent than retinol, but could also be less irritating. Once converted to the retinoic acid in the skin, it helps against all signs of aging, improves skin cell turnover and helps fight blemishes and clogged pores. However, in many cosmetic formulations, it is used in a concentration that is too low to have the full effect HYDROXYPINACOLONE RETINOATEA derivative of the most potent form of vitamin A, retinoic acid. The ingredient can be sold under name Granactive Retinoid. Note that if a skincare brand discloses the concentration of Granactive Retinoid in a product, the concentration refers to a diluted form of Hydroxypinacolone Retinoate: 1% of Granactive Retinoid corresponds to 0.1% of Hydroxypinacolone Retinoate. Hydroxypinacolone Retinoate (HPR) is a unique derivative of retinoic acid because it can directly work in the skin and does not require additional conversion steps. According to studies done by the manufacturer on models of human skin (not real people), this derivative is more effective than other cosmetic versions of retinoids (such as retinol, retinaldehyde, and retinyl palmitate), and, at the same time, causes less irritation. It has been also demonstrated to be more stable than retinol which makes formulating with easier and increases the chances that a product with it will maintain its effectiveness after opening. The packaging should still ideally be air-tight. HPR is available over the counter in the EU, UK, Asia, Australia and New Zealand, but is only with a prescription in Canada.MORUS BOMBYCIS ROOT EXTRACTA plant extract that might contain arbutin, a compound that has skin-lightening properties. Might have some anti-oxidant activity. Is unlikely to be effective though in the concentrations typically used in skincare products TRAMETES VERSICOLOR EXTRACTA mushroom extract that might have some skin-lightening and moisturizing properties, but solid research is lacking. It is unlikely to be effective in the concentration used in skincare products DIMETHOXYTOLYL PROPYLRESORCINOLCan help reduce hyperpigmentation and lighten skin, but additional research is needed to test its effectiveness on human skin LACTOBACILLUS/PUMPKIN FERMENT EXTRACTAn enzyme-based exfoliant VITIS VINIFERA JUICE EXTRACTContains AHAs that exfoliate the upper layer of the skin. Can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin due to the sugar content PHYLLANTHUS EMBLICA FRUIT EXTRACTA plant extract that might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals and have a skin lightening effect if used in high enough concentrations FERULIC ACIDA potent anti-oxidant that has been shown to be effective in neutralizing free radicals in skin. There seem to have a synergetic effect of ferulic acid, vitamin E and C, meaning that when the ingredients are used together, they enhance each other's ability protect the skin against free radicals. Ferulic acid also helps to stabilize other ingredients - including vitamins C and E. It can help to even out the skin tone. Ferulic acid is approved for use as a sunscreen ingredient in Japan in concentrations up to 10% TETRAHYDROBISDEMETHOXYDIFERULOYLMETHANEAn anti-oxidant derived from curcumin (naturally present in tumeric). It might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals in skin and possibly help even out the skin tone. Can be irritating TETRAHYDRODEMETHOXYDIFERULOYLMETHANEAn anti-oxidant derived from curcumin (naturally present in tumeric). Is a part of the tetrahydrocurcuminoids complex (THC). The complex might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals in skin and possibly help even out the skin tone. Can be irritating TETRAHYDRODIFERULOYLMETHANEAn anti-oxidant derived from curcumin (naturally present in tumeric). Is a part of the tetrahydrocurcuminoids complex (THC). The complex might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals in skin and possibly help even out the skin tone. Can be irritating NELUMBO NUCIFERA EXTRACTMight be somewhat helpful in protecting elastin in skin and evening skin tone, but good research is lacking. Contains fragrant components and can be irritating. YEAST EXTRACTHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have some anti-oxidant and skin lightening properties. It can help calm down inflammation in skin MORUS NIGRA ROOT EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin and have some skin-lightening effect, but good evidence is missing LACTOBIONIC ACIDA polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that helps shed dead cells from the surface of the skin revealing a smoother, more even skin. PHAs tend to be gentler on the skin compared to AHAs (for example, glycolic acid). It also has hydrating properties and helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. It can help calm down inflammation in skin and support restoration of the barrier function. It has an anti-oxidant effect as well. It can help reduce fine line, wrinkles and improve skin elasticity TETRAHEXYLDECYL ASCORBATEBeing a lipid soluble form of vitamin C, it is more stable. It is claimed to penetrate skin better than pure vitamin C and have the the similar benefits, but solid studies of its effectiveness are lacking. Is likely to require a higher concentration in a product than pure vitamin C to be effective. ALANINEAn amino-acid that helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might help to lighten the skin, but solid evidence is lacking GLUCONOLACTONEA polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that helps shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. Is believed to be genter than AHAs. It helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and can stimulate production of skin's own hyaluronic acid resulting in improved hydration levels. It has been shown to be helpful against acne and clogged pores if used consistently (e.g over a period of 12 weeks) in high enough concentration. It can help reduce fine lines and wrinkles and improve skin tone with long-term application. Can help neutralize free radicals GLYCINE SOJA PROTEINA plant extract that helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin and soften it. It might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals. It might be somewhat helpful for evening out the skin tone. It might be able to support elastin production but solid research is lacking ZINC GLUCONATETypically used to stabilize the product formulations. It is a salt of a polyhydroxy acid (PHA) and in larger concentrations, can help shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. It can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Might to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Could be helpful in neutralizing free radicals, but solid research is missing. Due to the zinc content, might help calm down inflammation in skin MALTOBIONIC ACIDA polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that helps shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. Is genter than AHAs. In addition, it helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. It has been shown to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Might help reduce fine lines and wrinkles and improve skin tone with long-term application. Can help neutralize free radicals PUNICA GRANATUM EXTRACTA plant extract that can help neutralize free radicals in skin and even out the skin tone, but is typically used in products in a concentration that is too low to be effective CHRYSINMight be helpful in reducing fine lines and wrinkles, as well as lightening the skin, but solid evidence is missing. Could somewhat help in reducing the darkness of the under-eye area. Helps to neutralise free radicals in skin ELLAGIC ACIDCan help neutralize free radicals in skin. It can help prevent and treat hyperpigmentation and even out the skin tone ORCHID LEAF/ROOT/STEM EXTRACTA plant extract that can help even out skin tone and reduce hyperpigmentation when used in high concentration PINUS PINASTER BARK EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals and reduce hyperpigmentation, but evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking ETHYL LINOLEATEHelps reduce acne and blemishes. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and reduce inflammation. Might be helpful in reducing hyperpigmentation and evening out the skin tone, but evidence of effectiveness in skin are lacking HYDROXYPHENOXY PROPIONIC ACIDHelps reduce hypepigmentation and even out the skin tone RESVERATROLHelps neutralize free radicals in skin and might help reduce fine lines and wrinkles, as well as even out the skin tone MANDELIC ACIDHelps shed the upper layer of dead cells from the surface of the skin revealing smoother, brighter skin. It can help to reduce hyperpigmentation. It has anti-bacterial properties, and might help to reduce blemishes, as well as fine lines and wrinkles. It is considered to be gentler than glycolic acid GLUCONIC ACIDA polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that helps shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. Is believed to be genter than AHAs. It helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and can stimulate production of skin's own hyaluronic acid resulting in imporved hydration levels. It has been shown to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Might help reduce fine lines and wrinkles and improve skin tone with long-term application. Can help neutralize free radicals CERATONIA SILIQUA FRUIT EXTRACTPlant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin and even out skin tone, but evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking GALACTOMYCES FERMENT FILTRATEA yeast ferment filtrate (also known as Pitera - a trademarked name for the filtrate reserved by the SK-II brand). It helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin, can help neutralize antioxidants and can be helpful in evening out the skin tone. It might be somewhat helpful in preventing premature skin aging but solid evidence is lacking. A small manufacturer study also shows that, when used in high concentrations, it can help reduce sebum production and help against blocked pores MORUS ALBA BARK EXTRACTA plant extract that might have anti-oxidant properties and help even out skin tone, but solid evidence is lacking LACTOBACILLUS/PORTULACA OLERACEA FERMENT EXTRACTObtained from fermenting a plant extract with bacteria Lactobacillus. The resulting compound might be able to calm down inflammation and have some anti-oxidant properties, but solid evidence is missing RETINYL PROPIONATEThree steps removed from the active form of vitamin A - retinoic acid. To have an effect in the skin, it first needs to be converted twice to become the retinoic acid. This means it is less potent than retinol, but could also be less irritating. Once converted to the retinoic acid in the skin, it helps against all signs of aging, improves skin cell turnover and helps fight blemishes and clogged pores, even thought its potency is not as well established as in case of retinol or retinaldehyde 3-GLYCERYL ASCORBATEA moisturizing vitamin C derivative. It is considered to be one of the most stable ones. It is effective in neutralizing free radicals and can help to even out the skin tone if used in high enough concentration 3-O-ETHYL ASCORBIC ACIDA vitamin C derivative that is more stable but less potent than pure form of vitamin C. Can help neutralize free radicals and help reduce hyperpigmentation, but the required concentration is likely to be much higher than for the pure form of vitamin C, limiting the ingredient's effectiveness in products UNDECYLENOYL PHENYLALANINEAn amino-acid based compound that is effective in reducing hyperpigmentation. It can help lighten sun spots and support more even skin tone. PRUNUS MUME FRUIT EXTRACTA plant extract that might have an anti-oxidant effect and help even out skin tone, but solid evidence of effectiveness is lacking MADECASSOSIDEAn antioxidant that is typically derived from plant Centella Asiatica. It can help neutralize free radicals in skin and support skin barrier function. It could, however, itself be irritating. It is often unstable in formulations NIACINA form of vitamin B3. It is similar in action to niacinamide, but is more likely to cause red flashes in skin as the side effect BAKUCHIOLA plant extract that is, though different in chemical structure, acts similar to retinoids. First studies show that it can help reduce fine lines and wrinkles, improve skin tone, reduce clogged pores and blemishes, and reduce inflammation. There is no conclusive evidence that bakuchiol is as effective as retinol however. The study that directly compared retinol with bakuchiol used bakuchiol applied twice daily compared to once per day for the retinol. According to this study, bakuchiol is less irritating than retinol. Bakuchiol is extracted from seeds of Babchi plant. Other parts of the plant contain coumarins that could cause allergic and irritant reactions. These compounds should be removed in the extraction process when bakuchiol is produced, but it is a good idea to be cautious and stay away from products that include the Babchi plant extracts other than purified bakuchiol to avoid irritation ADAPALENEA retinoid that is effective against acne and keratosis pilaris. It can also help reduce signs of aging (fine lines, wrinkles, loss of elasticity) and can improve skin tone AZELAIC ACIDIs produced by a yeast that lives on normal human skin. It is used in medicine as a topical treatment for mild to moderate acne. It has a mild exfoliating effect. It can also help reduce hyperpigmentation, helps calm down inflammation and can help neutralize free radicals TRANEXAMIC ACIDAn amino acid that is effective in reducing hyperpigmentation and evening out the skin tone HEXYLRESORCINOLMight be helpful in reducing hyperpigmentation and neutralizing free radicals in skin PHENYLETHYL RESORCINOLMight help reduce hyperpigmentation in skin and help neutralize free radicals CAPRYLOYL SALICYLIC ACID KOJIC ACIDHelps to reduce hyperpigmentation and neutralize free radicals. Can be irritating RETINYL LINOLEATEAn ester of a retinoid and linoleic acid. Three steps removed from the bioactive form of retinoid, retinoic acid. Once converted to retinoic acid in skin, it can help reduce wrinkles, stimulate collagen production, even out skin tone and reduce blemishes. The concentrations used in cosmetic products are often not high enough to have a positive effect in skin. NARCISSUS TAZETTA BULB EXTRACTMight contain compounds called dormins that in theory could help lighten skin and reduce hyperpigmentation, but solid research is lacking GLYCYRRHIZA INFLATA ROOT EXTRACTA plant extract that can help lighten the skin and calm down inflammation. Might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals BIFIDA FERMENT LYSATEConsists of remains of dead yeast bacteria cells. Helps to hydrate the skin and reduce irritation. Might has some anti-oxidant effect POLYPODIUM LEUCOTOMOS LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that has been shown to be effective in helping boost skin's ability to protect against UV radiation and reduce hyperpigmentation when taken orally. No conclusive evidence for its effectiveness and effective concentration in topical application ALPHA-ARBUTINMight help reduce hyperpigmentation when used regularly over a long period of time. Is more effective than beta-arbutin VIGNA RADIATA SEED EXTRACTBean extract that in theory might help to reduce hyperpigmentation, but evidence of effectiveness in skin are missing GLYCYRRHIZA URALENSIS ROOT EXTRACTLicorice root extract. Might be helpful in reducing hyperpigmentation ALBIZIA JULIBRISSIN BARK/SEED EXTRACTA plant extract that might help to neutralize free radicals in skin. Is claimed to help reduce hyperpigmentation but evidence is missing ALBIZIA JULIBRISSIN BRANCH/LEAF EXTRACTA plant extract that might help to neutralize free radicals in skin. Is claimed to help reduce hyperpigmentation but evidence is missing ALBIZIA JULIBRISSIN FLOWER EXTRACTA plant extract that might help to neutralize free radicals in skin. Is claimed to help reduce hyperpigmentation but evidence is missing ALBIZIA JULIBRISSIN SEED EXTRACTA plant extract that might help to neutralize free radicals in skin. Is claimed to help reduce hyperpigmentation but evidence is missing PANCRATIUM MARITIMUM EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin. It might help reduce hyperpigmentation EMBLICA OFFICINALIS FRUIT EXTRACTA plant extract that might be helping in neutralizing free radicals in skin. It could help reduce hyperpigmentation. There is some research to confirm its effectiveness in skin PAEONIA LACTIFLORA ROOT EXTRACTA plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals and reduce hyperpigmentation, but the research on its effectiveness in skin is lacking POTASSIUM AZELOYL DIGLYCINATEA derivative of azelaic acid. It is obtained by reacting the chloride of azelaic acid with two molecules of glycine (an amino acid) and potassium hydroxide. It is less studied than azelaic acid, but the available research suggests that it also can be effective in reducing skin redness, hyperpigmentation and blemishes. There are claims that it is more bio-available and more effective than azelaic acid, but no comparison study is available. Potassium azeloyl diglycinate is better soluble in water compared with azelaic acid. Because of this property, products with potassium azeloyl digclycinate can have a nicer texture GLUTATHIONEA peptide that can help neutralize free radicals in skin and reduce melanin production resulting in skin lightening effect and reduction in hyperpigmentation. It can also help attract moisture to the upper layer of the skin ISOQUERCITRINAntioxidant that might help reduce free radicals and reduce melanin production, but more research is needed to understand if it is effective in skin CYSTEINEMight help neutralize free radicals in skin and might be helpful against hyperpigmentation DIMETHYLMETHOXY CHROMANYL PALMITATEAn oil-soluble compound that has been shown in laboratory studies (in a petri dish, not on human volunteers) to inhibit melanin production in skin and help even out the skin tone. More research is needed to understand if it works in real life TretinoinBioavailable form of Vitamin A that is the most effective known topical ingredients for reducing wrinkles, improving skin firmness, treating acne, as well as hyperpigmentation. It is not available over-the counter in many countries, including US and UK POTASSIUM METHOXYSALICYLATECan help reduce hyperpigmentation EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATEA polyphenol found in tea. This particular compound abbreviated EGCG is the most powerful antioxidant among those extracted from tea (usually green tea). Unfortunately, EGCG is unstable, requires a low pH (below 4) to prevent quick degradation, and does not penetrate the skin very well. This is why the full anti-oxidant effect of EGCG is typically not realized when it is added to topical skincare ARBUTINBeta-arbutin. Can help to reduce hyperpigmentation and has an anti-oxidant effect when used in high enough concentration. Is less effective compared to alpha-arbutin RETINYL RETINOATEA "hybrid" of retinol and retinoic acid. It is more stable than retinol and is likely to be more effective based on the early research data available. Is as irritating as retinol RETINALOne step removed from the biologically active in skin form of vitamin A. Once converted to the retinoic acid in the skin, retinal is proven to be effective against all signs of aging. It improves skin cell turnover, helps fight blemishes and clogged pores, can regulate excess oil production and even skin tone. Concentrations of 0.05% and 0.1% are shown to be effective. It can, however, be irritating RETINOLTwo steps removed from the active form of vitamin A - retinoic acid. Once converted to the retinoic acid in the skin, retinol is proven to be effective against all signs of aging. It improves skin cell turnover, helps fight blemishes and clogged pores, can regulate excess oil production and even skin tone. It can, however, be quite irritating ASCORBIC ACIDThe most well-researched antioxidant that works in skin. Helps neutralize free radicals supporting collagen production, helping to even out the skin tone and preventing early signs of aging ISOBUTYLAMIDO THIAZOLYL RESORCINOLSometimes referred to as Thiamidol (patented by Beiersdorf). A compound that can reduce melanin production in skin. Can help to fade pigmentation spots quicker and even out the skin tone. It is a relatively new compound and the research on it is ongoing. The first studies show that it might be as effective in reducing hyperpigmentation as hydroquinone but with fewer side effects HYDROQUINONE COPPER GLUCONATETypically used to stabilize the product formulations. It is a salt of polyhydroxy acid (PHA) and in larger concentrations, can help shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. It can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Might to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Could be helpful in neutralizing free radicals, but solid research is missing RESVERATROL DIMETHYL ETHERA more stable derivative of anti-oxidant resveratrol. There is not enough research to confirm its efficacy in skin