Filorga

Filorga NCEF-Intensive Supreme Multi-Correction Serum [Wrinkles - Firmness - Radiance]

Name: Filorga - NCEF-Intensive Supreme Multi-Correction Serum [Wrinkles - Firmness - Radiance]
Brand: Filorga

Efficacy100/100IrritancyHigh

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Works for

2 of 2 advertised claims delivered

Moisturizing

38 ingredients credited for this claim

Strong support

What the product description says

“Directions Apply mornings and/or evenings to the face, before moisturiser.”

Source: Feelunique DE

This product can help improve hydration of the skin with the two types of ingredients.

The first type is called “humectants”:
these ingredients help attract water. When humectants are on the surface of the skin, they “pull in” the moisture from the outside environment, or from within deeper layers of the skin. The following ingredients in this product do the job: alanine, aspartic acid.

This product also contains ingredients called “occlusives”. They help reduce the speed with which our skin loses moisture to the outside environment. These ingredients also help soften the upper layer of the skin, so it feels less tight and nicer to the touch. The following ingredients in this product do the job: phenyl trimethicone, prunus amygdalus dulcis oil.

The following ingredients in this product are especially good for supporting the skin barrier and helping with the hydration level: dipeptide diaminobutyroyl benzylamide diacetate, palmitoyl tetrapeptide-7, palmitoyl tripeptide-1

HydroxyprolineKey activeEffect: HighIs helpful in restoring skin barrier function supporting its moisture levels. Is claimed to stimulte collagen production in skin but evidence is lacking~0.2–0.35%

InositolKey active· HumectantEffect: High~0.15–0.3%

IsoleucineKey activeEffect: HighAn amino acid that can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and support skin's barrier function~0.15–0.3%

Palmitoyl tetrapeptide-7Hero· EmollientEffect: HighA type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles~0.25–0.4%

Lysine hclKey activeEffect: High~0.15–0.3%

Soluble collagenKey active· HumectantEffect: HighA typically plant-derived compound that is supposed mimic human collagen. Cannot penetrate the skin barrier so is not particularly useful in skincare products beyond attracting water to the upper layer of the skin~0.2–0.35%

ThreonineKey activeEffect: HighAn amino-acid that helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin. In combination with other amino-acids, might help to reduce fine lines and wrinkles~0.2–0.35%

Phenyl trimethiconeKey active· OcclusiveEffect: HighA type of silicone that can decrease loss of moisture from the skin surface. It helps create a nice product texture~3–3.6%

Palmitoyl tripeptide-1Hero· EmollientEffect: HighA type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles~0.25–0.45%

TyrosineKey activeEffect: High~0.15–0.3%

GlycerinKey active· HumectantEffect: HighOne of the best moisturizing ingredients. Naturally present in skin. It attracts water to the upper layer of the skin working as a humectant~3.6–4.5%

GlycineKey active· HumectantEffect: HighHelps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin and can help restore the skin barrier function~0.15–0.3%

Histidine hclKey activeEffect: HighA salt of an amino-acid that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Might be helpful in restoring the skin barrier function~0.15–0.3%

AlanineKey active· HumectantEffect: HighAn amino-acid that helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might help to lighten the skin, but solid evidence is lacking~0.15–0.3%

Arginine hclKey activeEffect: HighAn amino acid that is naturally present in skin and helps keep it hydrated. When used together with AHAs, it can reduce their irritating effect on the skin~0.15–0.3%

Aspartic acidKey active· HumectantEffect: HighAn amino-acid that helps increase skin hydration and might help to slightly improve skin firmness, potentially reducing lines and wrinkles~0.2–0.35%

SerineKey activeEffect: HighAn amino-acid that helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin. In combination with other amino-acids, might help to reduce fine lines and wrinkles~0.2–0.35%

Calcium pantothenateKey activeEffect: HighHelps support skin barrier function improving skin hydration and reducing sensitivity~0.1–0.15%

Sodium hyaluronateKey active· HumectantEffect: HighOne of the best moisturizing ingredients. Attracts water into the upper layer of the skin~0.2–0.35%

CyanocobalaminKey activeEffect: HighCan support skin barrier function and reduce inflammation in skin~0.2–0.35%

Sodium lactateKey active· HumectantEffect: HighHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Is often used to adjust the pH level of the product~0.2–0.35%

Dipeptide diaminobutyroyl benzylamide diacetateHeroEffect: HighA type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles~0.15–0.3%

Glucosamine hclKey active· HumectantEffect: HighMight be able to stimulate production of skin's natural moisturizing compounds such as hyaluronic acid. Could be helpful for evening the skin tone.~0.2–0.4%

Glutamic acidKey active· HumectantEffect: HighAn amino-acid that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin~0.2–0.4%

GlutathioneKey activeEffect: HighA peptide that can help neutralize free radicals in skin and reduce melanin production resulting in skin lightening effect and reduction in hyperpigmentation. It can also help attract moisture to the upper layer of the skin~0.2–0.4%

Prunus amygdalus dulcis oilKey active· EmollientEffect: MediumAn emollient that softens the skin~0.2–0.4%

GlucoseKey active· HumectantEffect: MediumHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Could be helpful in restoring the skin barrier function~0.25–0.45%

ProlineKey activeEffect: Medium~0.2–0.4%

Pentylene glycol· EmollientEffect: LowUsed to preserve products, dissolve other ingredients and create a nice product texture~0.3–0.6%

BiotinEffect: LowMight have some moisturising properties. Is not effective when applied topically beyond some moisturizing effect~0.1–0.2%

Butylene glycol· HumectantEffect: LowUsed to create a nice product texture and help delivery of other ingredients. Might be somewhat helpful in attracting water to the upper layer of the skin~0.75–1.15%

Coenzyme aEffect: LowHelps soften the upper layer of the skin and dissolve other ingredients in a product~0.2–0.35%

Dicaprylyl carbonate· EmollientEffect: LowHelps products spread more easily and works as an emollient to soften skin~1.9–2.4%

NiacinUnder-dosedEffect: HighA form of vitamin B3. It is similar in action to niacinamide, but is more likely to cause red flashes in skin as the side effect~0.15–0.25%

NiacinamideUnder-dosedEffect: HighIs proven to be effective in reducing blemishes, evening out skin tone and helping to improve lines and wrinkles. It helps the skin to repair sun damage, calm down inflammation and keep maintain good levels of moisture. The concentration of about 2% is effective for supporting the skin barrier and evening out the skin tone. Concentration of 4-6% is better for helping with acne and balancing the sebum production~0.15–0.25%

Triticum vulgare germ extractUnder-dosedEffect: MediumPlant extract that might have moisturizing properties. Avoid if you suffer from wheat or gluten intolerance~0.2–0.4%

LecithinEffect: Low, below effective doseUsed mostly for creating emulsions - helping oil and water mix together. Helps soften the upper layer of the skin~0.35–0.6%

TocopherolEffect: Low, below effective dosePure form of vitamin E. Can help moisturise and protect the skin from free radicals. Often used to help stabilise other ingredients or the formula itself~0.2–0.4%

Anti-aging

17 ingredients credited for this claim

Strong support

What the product description says

“NCEF-Intensive Supreme Multi-Correction Serum [Wrinkles .”

From product name

This product can help reduce and prevent fine lines and wrinkles, improve skin elasticity and firmness because it contains retinol.

These ingredients in the product can also be helpful, even though there is less evidence for their effectiveness: ascorbyl glucoside, aspartic acid, dipeptide diaminobutyroyl benzylamide diacetate, folic acid, palmitoyl tetrapeptide-7, palmitoyl tripeptide-1, retinyl acetate, serine, threonine.

Keep in mind that it typically takes at least 6 weeks to notice any results because the changes that are needed to improve fine lines and elasticity happen in the deeper layers of the skin. No topical anti-aging product can “erase” wrinkles or fully reverse signs of aging.

RetinolHeroEffect: HighTwo steps removed from the active form of vitamin A - retinoic acid. Once converted to the retinoic acid in the skin, retinol is proven to be effective against all signs of aging. It improves skin cell turnover, helps fight blemishes and clogged pores, can regulate excess oil production and even skin tone. It can, however, be quite irritating~0.15–0.3%

Folic acidKey activeEffect: MediumCan help stimulate collagen production in skin. While available studies are promising, more research is needed to confirm the efficacy in skin~0.05%

Palmitoyl tetrapeptide-7Key activeEffect: MediumA type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles~0.25–0.4%

Palmitoyl tripeptide-1Key activeEffect: MediumA type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles~0.25–0.45%

Dipeptide diaminobutyroyl benzylamide diacetateKey activeEffect: MediumA type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles~0.15–0.3%

Retinyl acetateKey activeEffect: Medium~0.15–0.3%

SerineKey activeEffect: MediumAn amino-acid that helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin. In combination with other amino-acids, might help to reduce fine lines and wrinkles~0.2–0.35%

ThreonineKey activeEffect: MediumAn amino-acid that helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin. In combination with other amino-acids, might help to reduce fine lines and wrinkles~0.2–0.35%

Ascorbyl glucosideKey activeEffect: MediumA vitamin C derivative that is more stable but less potent than pure form of vitamin C. Has a potential to boost collagen production, nutralise free radicals and reduce hyperpigmentation, but the required concentration is likely to be much higher than for the pure form of vitamin C, limiting the ingredient's effectiveness in products~2.4–2.9%

Aspartic acidKey activeEffect: MediumAn amino-acid that helps increase skin hydration and might help to slightly improve skin firmness, potentially reducing lines and wrinkles~0.2–0.35%

HydroxyprolineEffect: LowIs helpful in restoring skin barrier function supporting its moisture levels. Is claimed to stimulte collagen production in skin but evidence is lacking~0.2–0.35%

Glucosamine hclEffect: LowMight be able to stimulate production of skin's natural moisturizing compounds such as hyaluronic acid. Could be helpful for evening the skin tone.~0.2–0.4%

Prunus amygdalus dulcis oilEffect: LowAn emollient that softens the skin~0.2–0.4%

Ascorbic acidUnder-dosedEffect: HighThe most well-researched antioxidant that works in skin. Helps neutralize free radicals supporting collagen production, helping to even out the skin tone and preventing early signs of aging~0.2–0.35%

NiacinUnder-dosedEffect: MediumA form of vitamin B3. It is similar in action to niacinamide, but is more likely to cause red flashes in skin as the side effect~0.15–0.25%

Exfoliation

Not advertised by the brand · 1 ingredient credited for this claim

Strong support

This product can help exfoliate the skin. In other words, it helps break down the bonds between dead cells on the surface of the skin and speed up the skin turnover. Skin often appears softer and brighter after exfoliation, but overdoing it can result in disrupted skin barrier. The following ingredient is doing the exfoliating job in this product: retinol.

RetinolKey activeEffect: HighTwo steps removed from the active form of vitamin A - retinoic acid. Once converted to the retinoic acid in the skin, retinol is proven to be effective against all signs of aging. It improves skin cell turnover, helps fight blemishes and clogged pores, can regulate excess oil production and even skin tone. It can, however, be quite irritating~0.15–0.3%

Evens skin tone

Not advertised by the brand · 9 ingredients credited for this claim

Strong support

This product can help reduce hypepigmentation and even out the skin tone because it contains the following effective ingredients: retinol.

In addition, this product contains glutathione. This ingredient (ingredients) might help reduce hyperpigmentation, but the effect, if any, is likely to be small.

The following ingredient (ingredients) in this product might be helpful, but there is no evidence to confirm that it actually can help even out the skin tone: alanine, ascorbyl glucoside, glucosamine hcl.

Keep in mind that you would need to apply any topical skincare targetted at hypigmentation consistently for a couple of months to get a result. No topical skincare product can help get rid of hyperpigmentation (including post-acne marks and age spots) instantly.

Glucosamine hclKey activeEffect: MediumMight be able to stimulate production of skin's natural moisturizing compounds such as hyaluronic acid. Could be helpful for evening the skin tone.~0.2–0.4%

AlanineEffect: LowAn amino-acid that helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might help to lighten the skin, but solid evidence is lacking~0.15–0.3%

TaurineEffect: LowCould be helpful in reducing inflammation in skin, evening out the skin tone and neutralizing free radicals, but more research is needed to confirm its effectiveness~0.2–0.4%

NiacinUnder-dosedEffect: MediumA form of vitamin B3. It is similar in action to niacinamide, but is more likely to cause red flashes in skin as the side effect~0.15–0.25%

Anti-oxidation

Not advertised by the brand · 10 ingredients credited for this claim

Strong support

This product contains antioxidants (glutathione, retinol) that can help neutralize free radicals in skin. By doing so, they can lessen the damage the skin gets from the UV light (sun).

The following ingredients - ascorbyl glucoside also can have an antioxidant effect, but there is less evidence to confirm their effectiveness in skin.

Pyridoxine hclEffect: LowMight help neutralize free radicals in skin~0.1–0.2%

TaurineEffect: LowCould be helpful in reducing inflammation in skin, evening out the skin tone and neutralizing free radicals, but more research is needed to confirm its effectiveness~0.2–0.4%

Prunus amygdalus dulcis oilEffect: LowAn emollient that softens the skin~0.2–0.4%

Glucosamine hclEffect: LowMight be able to stimulate production of skin's natural moisturizing compounds such as hyaluronic acid. Could be helpful for evening the skin tone.~0.2–0.4%

TocopherolUnder-dosedEffect: HighPure form of vitamin E. Can help moisturise and protect the skin from free radicals. Often used to help stabilise other ingredients or the formula itself~0.2–0.4%

Triticum vulgare germ extractEffect: Low, below effective dosePlant extract that might have moisturizing properties. Avoid if you suffer from wheat or gluten intolerance~0.2–0.4%

Anti-blemish

Not advertised by the brand · 4 ingredients credited for this claim

Strong support

This product can help reduce breakouts and clogged pores because it contains the following ingredient: retinol. This ingredient is used for treating acne and can have a noticeable effect.

TaurineEffect: LowCould be helpful in reducing inflammation in skin, evening out the skin tone and neutralizing free radicals, but more research is needed to confirm its effectiveness~0.2–0.4%

NiacinUnder-dosedEffect: MediumA form of vitamin B3. It is similar in action to niacinamide, but is more likely to cause red flashes in skin as the side effect~0.15–0.25%

Can it cause trouble?

Irritancy

5 strong irritants: Parfum, Alcohol + 3 more — patch-test recommended

High risk

We flagged 26 ingredients with irritancy potential. Severity depends on your sensitivity threshold; the table lists the worst offenders first.

IngredientFunctionIrritationEst. amount

ParfumAn aromatic blend of unspecified and possibly irritating ingredientsHigh~0.45–0.65%est.

AlcoholCan be drying and contribute to skin irritation. Used in formulars to dissolve other ingredients, create a thinner product consistency or for its antibacterial propertiesHigh~0.2–0.35%est.

RetinolTwo steps removed from the active form of vitamin A - retinoic acid. Once converted to the retinoic acid in the skin, retinol is proven to be effective against all signs of aging. It improves skin cell turnover, helps fight blemishes and clogged pores, can regulate excess oil production and even skin tone. It can, however, be quite irritatingHigh~0.15–0.3%est.

Benzophenone-4Sulisobenzone. A UV filter. Is typically used to improve the product stability under exposure to UV light. It is effective against both UVA and UVB rays. It can be used is larger concentrations as a sun protection ingredient for the skin, but can be irritatingHigh~0.35–0.65%est.

Ascorbic acidThe most well-researched antioxidant that works in skin. Helps neutralize free radicals supporting collagen production, helping to even out the skin tone and preventing early signs of agingHigh~0.2–0.35%est.

Retinyl acetate—High~0.15–0.3%est.

NiacinA form of vitamin B3. It is similar in action to niacinamide, but is more likely to cause red flashes in skin as the side effectHigh~0.15–0.25%est.

Ascorbyl glucosideA vitamin C derivative that is more stable but less potent than pure form of vitamin C. Has a potential to boost collagen production, nutralise free radicals and reduce hyperpigmentation, but the required concentration is likely to be much higher than for the pure form of vitamin C, limiting the ingredient's effectiveness in productsMedium~2.4–2.9%est.

Acrylates/c10-30 alkyl acrylate crosspolymerMaintains the texture of skincare products. Allows the product to spread evenly. Helps oil and water mix togetherMedium~0.4–0.6%est.

ChlorphenesinA preservativeMedium~0.16–0.32%est.

Pentylene glycolUsed to preserve products, dissolve other ingredients and create a nice product textureMedium~0.3–0.6%est.

Disodium edtaStabilizes the product formulationMedium~0.2–0.4%est.

Glyceryl linoleateHelps oil and water mix togetherMedium~0.25–0.5%est.

Butyl methoxydibenzoylmethaneAvobenzone. An organic, or so-called "chemical" UV filter. Protects against both UVA and UVB rays. Needs to be combined with other filters in a formulation to be stable.Medium~0.35–0.65%est.

Diethylhexyl syringylidenemalonateUsed to stabilize the product formulationMedium~0.2–0.35%est.

Citric acidCan work as an exfoliant but is typically used to adjust the product pHMedium~0.2–0.35%est.

Sodium lactateHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Is often used to adjust the pH level of the productMedium~0.2–0.35%est.

Calcium chlorideHelps create a thicker product consistency. Might be irritatingMedium~0.2–0.35%est.

Sodium citrateHelps to control the skin's pH level. Maintains the skin's natural film of amino-lactic acids and oils. Helps to preserve productsMedium~0.2–0.35%est.

Potassium sorbateA preservativeMedium~0.2–0.35%est.

Triticum vulgare germ extractPlant extract that might have moisturizing properties. Avoid if you suffer from wheat or gluten intoleranceMedium~0.2–0.4%est.

GlutathioneA peptide that can help neutralize free radicals in skin and reduce melanin production resulting in skin lightening effect and reduction in hyperpigmentation. It can also help attract moisture to the upper layer of the skinMedium~0.2–0.4%est.

TaurineCould be helpful in reducing inflammation in skin, evening out the skin tone and neutralizing free radicals, but more research is needed to confirm its effectivenessMedium~0.2–0.4%est.

Ci 17200A red colorantMedium~0.15–0.3%est.

Pyridoxine hclMight help neutralize free radicals in skinMedium~0.1–0.2%est.

Thiamine hclCan help attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Is studied as a mosquito repellentMedium~0.05%est.

Comedogenic

1 ingredient rated 2 or more on the 0–5 pore-clogging scale

1 flagged

These ingredients have a comedogenic rating of 2 or more on a 0–5 scale; the table shows each one's rating. In leave-on products they can clog pores in acne-prone skin.

IngredientFunctionRatingEst. amount

Triticum vulgare germ extractPlant extract that might have moisturizing properties. Avoid if you suffer from wheat or gluten intolerance3/5~0.2–0.4%est.

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Ingredients

Filter by role to see what each ingredient is doing.

Water~45–55%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

Plain old water

More about Water

Propanediol~4.5–5.6%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

Acts as a solvent for other ingredients. Speeds up the absorption of other ingredients into the skin

More about Propanediol

Glycerin~3.6–4.5%

Key active

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Moisturizing

One of the best moisturizing ingredients. Naturally present in skin. It attracts water to the upper layer of the skin working as a humectant

More about Glycerin

Phenyl trimethicone~3–3.6%

Key active

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Moisturizing

A type of silicone that can decrease loss of moisture from the skin surface. It helps create a nice product texture

More about Phenyl trimethicone

Ascorbyl glucoside~2.4–2.9%

Key activeIrritant · medium

Irritation risk: Medium

Works for

Evens skin toneAnti-oxidationAnti-aging

A vitamin C derivative that is more stable but less potent than pure form of vitamin C. Has a potential to boost collagen production, nutralise free radicals and reduce hyperpigmentation, but the required concentration is likely to be much higher than for the pure form of vitamin C, limiting the ingredient's effectiveness in products

More about Ascorbyl glucoside

Dicaprylyl carbonate~1.9–2.4%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Moisturizing

Helps products spread more easily and works as an emollient to soften skin

More about Dicaprylyl carbonate

Sodium chloride~1.7–2.1%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

Used to stabilize mixtures of oil and water, and create thicker, gel-like product textures

More about Sodium chloride

Phenoxyethanol~0.5–1%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

A preservative. It helps prevent bacterial growth in cosmetic products

More about Phenoxyethanol

Polyacrylate crosspolymer-6~1.1–1.4%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

More about Polyacrylate crosspolymer-6

Butylene glycol~0.75–1.15%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Moisturizing

Used to create a nice product texture and help delivery of other ingredients. Might be somewhat helpful in attracting water to the upper layer of the skin

More about Butylene glycol

Carbomer~0.65–0.95%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Cleansing

Helps create a thicker or gel-like product texture. It is not a surfactant but can be used in gentle cleansing formulations

More about Carbomer

Sodium hydroxide~0.5–0.75%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

Used to adjust the product's pH

More about Sodium hydroxide

Parfum~0.45–0.65%

Irritant · high

Irritation risk: High

An aromatic blend of unspecified and possibly irritating ingredients

More about Parfum

Sucrose palmitate~0.45–0.65%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Cleansing

More about Sucrose palmitate

Acrylates/c10-30 alkyl acrylate crosspolymer~0.4–0.6%

Irritant · medium

Irritation risk: Medium

Maintains the texture of skincare products. Allows the product to spread evenly. Helps oil and water mix together

More about Acrylates/c10-30 alkyl acrylate crosspolymer

Ethylhexyl salicylate~0.55–0.85%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Sun protection

Octisalate. A UV filter. It offers some protection against the sun rays that cause sunburn (UVB), but does not protect against the most aging sun rays (UVA). It loses its effectiveness quickly when exposed to sunlight. It is an organic, or so called "chemical" sunscreen

More about Ethylhexyl salicylate

Chlorphenesin~0.16–0.32%

Irritant · medium

Irritation risk: Medium

A preservative

More about Chlorphenesin

Lecithin~0.35–0.6%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

CleansingMoisturizing

Used mostly for creating emulsions - helping oil and water mix together. Helps soften the upper layer of the skin

More about Lecithin

Pentylene glycol~0.3–0.6%

Irritant · medium

Irritation risk: Medium

Works for

Moisturizing

Used to preserve products, dissolve other ingredients and create a nice product texture

More about Pentylene glycol

Glucose~0.25–0.45%

Key active

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Moisturizing

Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Could be helpful in restoring the skin barrier function

More about Glucose

Disodium edta~0.2–0.4%

Irritant · medium

Irritation risk: Medium

Stabilizes the product formulation

More about Disodium edta

Glyceryl linoleate~0.25–0.5%

Irritant · medium

Irritation risk: Medium

Works for

Cleansing

Helps oil and water mix together

More about Glyceryl linoleate

Prunus amygdalus dulcis oil~0.2–0.4%

Key active

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

MoisturizingAnti-oxidationAnti-aging

An emollient that softens the skin

More about Prunus amygdalus dulcis oil

Butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane~0.35–0.65%

Irritant · medium

Irritation risk: Medium

Works for

Sun protection

Avobenzone. An organic, or so-called "chemical" UV filter. Protects against both UVA and UVB rays. Needs to be combined with other filters in a formulation to be stable.

More about Butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane

Polysorbate 20~0.2–0.4%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Cleansing

Helps oil and water mix together

More about Polysorbate 20

Potassium chloride~0.2–0.35%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

More about Potassium chloride

Diethylhexyl syringylidenemalonate~0.2–0.35%

Irritant · medium

Irritation risk: Medium

Used to stabilize the product formulation

More about Diethylhexyl syringylidenemalonate

Alcohol~0.2–0.35%

Irritant · high

Irritation risk: High

Works for

Antibacterial

Can be drying and contribute to skin irritation. Used in formulars to dissolve other ingredients, create a thinner product consistency or for its antibacterial properties

More about Alcohol

Citric acid~0.2–0.35%

Irritant · medium

Irritation risk: Medium

Can work as an exfoliant but is typically used to adjust the product pH

More about Citric acid

Retinol~0.15–0.3%

Hero · Anti-aging, Evens skin tone, Anti-blemishIrritant · high

Irritation risk: High

Works for

Anti-oxidationExfoliationAnti-blemishMattifyingEvens skin toneAnti-aging

Two steps removed from the active form of vitamin A - retinoic acid. Once converted to the retinoic acid in the skin, retinol is proven to be effective against all signs of aging. It improves skin cell turnover, helps fight blemishes and clogged pores, can regulate excess oil production and even skin tone. It can, however, be quite irritating

More about Retinol

Sodium lactate~0.2–0.35%

Key activeIrritant · medium

Irritation risk: Medium

Works for

Moisturizing

Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Is often used to adjust the pH level of the product

More about Sodium lactate

Calcium chloride~0.2–0.35%

Irritant · medium

Irritation risk: Medium

Helps create a thicker product consistency. Might be irritating

More about Calcium chloride

Benzophenone-4~0.35–0.65%

Irritant · high

Irritation risk: High

Works for

Sun protection

Sulisobenzone. A UV filter. Is typically used to improve the product stability under exposure to UV light. It is effective against both UVA and UVB rays. It can be used is larger concentrations as a sun protection ingredient for the skin, but can be irritating

More about Benzophenone-4

Pentaerythrityl tetra-di-t-butyl hydroxyhydrocinnamate~0.2–0.4%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

Used to increase stability of product formulations

More about Pentaerythrityl tetra-di-t-butyl hydroxyhydrocinnamate

Sodium citrate~0.2–0.35%

Irritant · medium

Irritation risk: Medium

Helps to control the skin's pH level. Maintains the skin's natural film of amino-lactic acids and oils. Helps to preserve products

More about Sodium citrate

Soluble collagen~0.2–0.35%

Key active

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Moisturizing

A typically plant-derived compound that is supposed mimic human collagen. Cannot penetrate the skin barrier so is not particularly useful in skincare products beyond attracting water to the upper layer of the skin

More about Soluble collagen

Magnesium sulfate~0.2–0.4%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

Used to create a thicker product consistency

More about Magnesium sulfate

Glutamine~0.15–0.3%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

More about Glutamine

Sodium phosphate~0.2–0.35%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

Helps stabilize the product formulation

More about Sodium phosphate

Sodium hyaluronate~0.2–0.35%

Key active

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Moisturizing

One of the best moisturizing ingredients. Attracts water into the upper layer of the skin

More about Sodium hyaluronate

Sodium benzoate~0.2–0.35%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

A preservative

More about Sodium benzoate

Potassium phosphate~0.2–0.35%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

Helps regulate the pH of the formulation

More about Potassium phosphate

Ascorbic acid~0.2–0.35%

Under-dosedIrritant · high

Irritation risk: High

Works for

Evens skin toneAnti-oxidationAnti-aging

The most well-researched antioxidant that works in skin. Helps neutralize free radicals supporting collagen production, helping to even out the skin tone and preventing early signs of aging

More about Ascorbic acid

Sodium acetate~0.2–0.35%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

More about Sodium acetate

Dipeptide diaminobutyroyl benzylamide diacetate~0.15–0.3%

Hero · Moisturizing

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

MoisturizingAnti-aging

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

More about Dipeptide diaminobutyroyl benzylamide diacetate

Lysine hcl~0.15–0.3%

Key active

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Moisturizing

More about Lysine hcl

Arginine hcl~0.15–0.3%

Key active

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

MoisturizingReduces irritation

An amino acid that is naturally present in skin and helps keep it hydrated. When used together with AHAs, it can reduce their irritating effect on the skin

More about Arginine hcl

Alanine~0.15–0.3%

Key active

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

MoisturizingEvens skin tone

An amino-acid that helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might help to lighten the skin, but solid evidence is lacking

More about Alanine

Histidine hcl~0.15–0.3%

Key active

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Moisturizing

A salt of an amino-acid that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Might be helpful in restoring the skin barrier function

More about Histidine hcl

Valine~0.15–0.3%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

More about Valine

Potassium sorbate~0.2–0.35%

Irritant · medium

Irritation risk: Medium

A preservative

More about Potassium sorbate

Leucine~0.15–0.3%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

More about Leucine

Threonine~0.2–0.35%

Key active

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

MoisturizingAnti-aging

An amino-acid that helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin. In combination with other amino-acids, might help to reduce fine lines and wrinkles

More about Threonine

Isoleucine~0.15–0.3%

Key active

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Moisturizing

An amino acid that can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and support skin's barrier function

More about Isoleucine

Tryptophan~0.2–0.35%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

More about Tryptophan

Phenylalanine~0.2–0.35%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

More about Phenylalanine

Tyrosine~0.15–0.3%

Key active

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Moisturizing

More about Tyrosine

Dna~0.15–0.3%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

More about Dna

Triticum vulgare germ extract~0.2–0.4%

Under-dosedComedogenic 3/5Irritant · medium

Irritation risk: Medium
Comedogenicity: 3/5

Works for

MoisturizingAnti-oxidation

Plant extract that might have moisturizing properties. Avoid if you suffer from wheat or gluten intolerance

More about Triticum vulgare germ extract

Glycine~0.15–0.3%

Key active

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Moisturizing

Helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin and can help restore the skin barrier function

More about Glycine

Polysorbate 80~0.2–0.4%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Cleansing

Helps water and oil mix together

More about Polysorbate 80

Serine~0.2–0.35%

Key active

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

MoisturizingAnti-aging

An amino-acid that helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin. In combination with other amino-acids, might help to reduce fine lines and wrinkles

More about Serine

Cystine~0.2–0.35%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

More about Cystine

Cyanocobalamin~0.2–0.35%

Key active

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

MoisturizingAnti-inflammatory

Can support skin barrier function and reduce inflammation in skin

More about Cyanocobalamin

Glutathione~0.2–0.4%

Key activeIrritant · medium

Irritation risk: Medium

Works for

Anti-oxidationEvens skin toneMoisturizing

A peptide that can help neutralize free radicals in skin and reduce melanin production resulting in skin lightening effect and reduction in hyperpigmentation. It can also help attract moisture to the upper layer of the skin

More about Glutathione

Asparagine~0.2–0.35%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

More about Asparagine

Aspartic acid~0.2–0.35%

Key active

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

MoisturizingAnti-aging

An amino-acid that helps increase skin hydration and might help to slightly improve skin firmness, potentially reducing lines and wrinkles

More about Aspartic acid

Ornithine hcl~0.2–0.35%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

More about Ornithine hcl

Tris(tetramethylhydroxypiperidinol) citrate~0.2–0.4%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

More about Tris(tetramethylhydroxypiperidinol) citrate

Triticum vulgare germ protein~0.2–0.4%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

More about Triticum vulgare germ protein

Glutamic acid~0.2–0.4%

Key active

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Moisturizing

An amino-acid that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin

More about Glutamic acid

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide~0.2–0.35%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

More about Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Tocopherol~0.2–0.4%

Under-dosed

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Anti-oxidationMoisturizingAnti-agingAnti-inflammatory

Pure form of vitamin E. Can help moisturise and protect the skin from free radicals. Often used to help stabilise other ingredients or the formula itself

More about Tocopherol

Proline~0.2–0.4%

Key active

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Moisturizing

More about Proline

Methionine~0.2–0.35%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

More about Methionine

Taurine~0.2–0.4%

Irritant · medium

Irritation risk: Medium

Works for

Anti-oxidationAnti-inflammatoryAnti-blemishEvens skin tone

Could be helpful in reducing inflammation in skin, evening out the skin tone and neutralizing free radicals, but more research is needed to confirm its effectiveness

More about Taurine

Hydroxyproline~0.2–0.35%

Key active

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

MoisturizingCleansingAnti-aging

Is helpful in restoring skin barrier function supporting its moisture levels. Is claimed to stimulte collagen production in skin but evidence is lacking

More about Hydroxyproline

Glucosamine hcl~0.2–0.4%

Key active

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

AntibacterialMoisturizingEvens skin toneAnti-oxidationAnti-aging

Might be able to stimulate production of skin's natural moisturizing compounds such as hyaluronic acid. Could be helpful for evening the skin tone.

More about Glucosamine hcl

Coenzyme a~0.2–0.35%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Moisturizing

Helps soften the upper layer of the skin and dissolve other ingredients in a product

More about Coenzyme a

Palmitoyl tripeptide-1~0.25–0.45%

Hero · Moisturizing

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

MoisturizingAnti-aging

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

More about Palmitoyl tripeptide-1

Sodium glucuronate~0.2–0.35%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

More about Sodium glucuronate

Palmitoyl tetrapeptide-7~0.25–0.4%

Hero · Moisturizing

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

MoisturizingAnti-aging

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

More about Palmitoyl tetrapeptide-7

Thiamine diphosphate~0.15–0.3%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

More about Thiamine diphosphate

Ci 17200~0.15–0.3%

Irritant · medium

Irritation risk: Medium

A red colorant

More about Ci 17200

Retinyl acetate~0.15–0.3%

Key activeIrritant · high

Irritation risk: High

Works for

Anti-aging

More about Retinyl acetate

Inositol~0.15–0.3%

Key active

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Moisturizing

More about Inositol

Niacin~0.15–0.25%

Under-dosedIrritant · high

Irritation risk: High

Works for

MoisturizingAnti-agingEvens skin toneAnti-blemish

A form of vitamin B3. It is similar in action to niacinamide, but is more likely to cause red flashes in skin as the side effect

More about Niacin

Niacinamide~0.15–0.25%

Under-dosed

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Anti-blemishMoisturizingEvens skin toneAnti-agingReduces irritationReduces rednessAnti-inflammatoryAntibacterial

Is proven to be effective in reducing blemishes, evening out skin tone and helping to improve lines and wrinkles. It helps the skin to repair sun damage, calm down inflammation and keep maintain good levels of moisture. The concentration of about 2% is effective for supporting the skin barrier and evening out the skin tone. Concentration of 4-6% is better for helping with acne and balancing the sebum production

More about Niacinamide

Pyridoxine hcl~0.1–0.2%

Irritant · medium

Irritation risk: Medium

Works for

Anti-oxidation

Might help neutralize free radicals in skin

More about Pyridoxine hcl

Biotin~0.1–0.2%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Moisturizing

Might have some moisturising properties. Is not effective when applied topically beyond some moisturizing effect

More about Biotin

Calcium pantothenate~0.1–0.15%

Key active

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Reduces irritationMoisturizing

Helps support skin barrier function improving skin hydration and reducing sensitivity

More about Calcium pantothenate

Riboflavin~0.1–0.2%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

More about Riboflavin

Sodium tocopheryl phosphate~0.1–0.2%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Cleansing

More about Sodium tocopheryl phosphate

Thiamine hcl~0.05%

Irritant · medium

Irritation risk: Medium

Can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Is studied as a mosquito repellent

More about Thiamine hcl

Folic acid~0.05%

Key active

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Anti-aging

Can help stimulate collagen production in skin. While available studies are promising, more research is needed to confirm the efficacy in skin

More about Folic acid

Ingredient list view

Water, Propanediol, Glycerin, Phenyl trimethicone, Ascorbyl glucoside, Dicaprylyl carbonate, Sodium chloride, Phenoxyethanol, Polyacrylate crosspolymer-6, Butylene glycol, Carbomer, Sodium hydroxide, Parfum, Sucrose palmitate, Acrylates/c10-30 alkyl acrylate crosspolymer, Ethylhexyl salicylate, Chlorphenesin, Lecithin, Pentylene glycol, Glucose, Disodium edta, Glyceryl linoleate, Prunus amygdalus dulcis oil, Butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane, Polysorbate 20, Potassium chloride, Diethylhexyl syringylidenemalonate, Alcohol, Citric acid, Retinol, Sodium lactate, Calcium chloride, Benzophenone-4, Pentaerythrityl tetra-di-t-butyl hydroxyhydrocinnamate, Sodium citrate, Soluble collagen, Magnesium sulfate, Glutamine, Sodium phosphate, Sodium hyaluronate, Sodium benzoate, Potassium phosphate, Ascorbic acid, Sodium acetate, Dipeptide diaminobutyroyl benzylamide diacetate, Lysine hcl, Arginine hcl, Alanine, Histidine hcl, Valine, Potassium sorbate, Leucine, Threonine, Isoleucine, Tryptophan, Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, Dna, Triticum vulgare germ extract, Glycine, Polysorbate 80, Serine, Cystine, Cyanocobalamin, Glutathione, Asparagine, Aspartic acid, Ornithine hcl, Tris(tetramethylhydroxypiperidinol) citrate, Triticum vulgare germ protein, Glutamic acid, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, Tocopherol, Proline, Methionine, Taurine, Hydroxyproline, Glucosamine hcl, Coenzyme a, Palmitoyl tripeptide-1, Sodium glucuronate, Palmitoyl tetrapeptide-7, Thiamine diphosphate, Ci 17200, Retinyl acetate, Inositol, Niacin, Niacinamide, Pyridoxine hcl, Biotin, Calcium pantothenate, Riboflavin, Sodium tocopheryl phosphate, Thiamine hcl, Folic acid

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Worth comparing, line by line.

Match % combines shared ingredients, the first five ingredients, shared actives and hero ingredients, irritancy (lower counts in the alternative's favour), texture and body area. Only products in the same routine step are compared.

Side-by-side comparison of this product against its closest alternatives
	FilorgaNCEF-Intensive Supreme Multi-Correction Serum [Wrinkles - Firmness - Radiance]YOUR PRODUCT	AHCHydrating Essential Real Eye Cream for Face	MDSolarSciencesRevitalize Retinol Serum	Drunk ElephantA-Passioni Retinol Cream
Match	—	75%	75%	74%
Price	$133.51	$21.14−$112.37	$54.00−$79.51	$28.00−$105.51
Shared key ingredients	—	17 of 33	7 of 33	7 of 33
Key difference	—	Copper Tripeptide-1	Ferric Hexapeptide-35	Linoleic Acid
Irritancy	High	High	High	Medium
Drying alcohol	Contains drying alcohol	Contains drying alcohol	Contains drying alcohol	—
	View product	Shop	Shop	Shop

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Product summary

"Filorga - NCEF-Intensive Supreme Multi-Correction Serum [Wrinkles - Firmness - Radiance]" has a good moisturizing formula. To work well, any moisturizer needs to include a combination of water-binding and emollient ingredients. Filorga - NCEF-Intensive Supreme Multi-Correction Serum [Wrinkles - Firmness - Radiance] ticks this box. Humectants in this product (alanine, aspartic acid, glucosamine hcl, glutamic acid and glycerin) help to increase the water content in the upper layer of the skin. (These ingredients do so by "capturing" water molecules from the outside air or from within the deeper layers of the skin). Palmitoyl tetrapeptide-7, palmitoyl tripeptide-1, phenyl trimethicone, prunus amygdalus dulcis oil and dicaprylyl carbonate in this product help decrease the water evoporation from the skin, so that it stays hydrated for longer. These ingredients also soften the skin and take away the feeling of tightness and dryness.

Ingredient callouts

This product also contains vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid). It can be an effective active for anti-aging and evening out the skin tone, but in this moisturizer it is used for stabilizing other ingredients in the formulation. In this concentration (0.20% - 0.35%) it cannot have a noticeable benefit for the skin.
This moisturizer contains an effective form of retinoids (vitamin A): retinol 0.15% - 0.30%. Retinoids are potent multitasking actives. They work to improve and prevent early signs of aging, reduce hyperpigmentation (age spots and post-acne marks), and prevent inflamed blemishes and clogged pores. The downside of retinoids is that they can be irritating. If you are not already using a retinoid in your routine, it is best to start slowly and apply the retinoid product only a few times per week. If your skin tolerates it well, you can gradually increase the frequency to daily. Because of the irritation risk of retinoids, we recommend to have another, retinoid-free moisturizer in your routine to use on the alternative days or when your skin feels dry.
This moistruizer also contains peptides (palmitoyl tripeptide-1 0.25% - 0.45%, palmitoyl tetrapeptide-7 0.25% - 0.40% and dipeptide diaminobutyroyl benzylamide diacetate 0.15% - 0.30%). Peptides is a very big group of ingredients. They all consist of a different combination of amino-acids. Our skin produces peptides naturally. Some of them work as natural anti-biotics, promote wound-healing and production of collagen. The scientists are still studying how effective the topical application of peptides is, but it is very likely that peptides in skincare are helpful. They might be able to support skin barrier restoration and even have an anti-aging benefit. At the very least, they certainly help attract water to the skin and support the hydration in this way.

Irritation risk

This moisturizer contains some common irritants, including those without a benefit for the skin. We assess the overall irritancy of this moisturizer to be high. For a detailed overview of all potential irritants: click here

You can see the detailed formula review with the breakdown of all actives in the product and the full ingredient list with estimated concentrations in the tables below.

Price

The product retails for 88.92€ in Germany, for 141.99A$ in Australia and for 105.00$ in the United States.

For a detailed price comparison: click here.

Sources cited in this review

Every concentration estimate and effectiveness label is anchored to one of these 39 studies and safety reviews.

1
Glycerol and the skin: holistic approach to its origin and functionsncbi.nlm.nih.gov
2
The Roles of Vitamin C in Skin Healthncbi.nlm.nih.gov
3
Stability, transdermal penetration, and cutaneous effects of ascorbic acid and its derivativesncbi.nlm.nih.gov
4
Topical Glucose Induces Claudin-1 and Filaggrin Expression in a Mouse Model of Atopic Dermatitis and in Keratinocyte Culture, Exerting Anti-inflammatory Effects by Repairing Skin Barrier Functionncbi.nlm.nih.gov
5
Anti-Inflammatory and Skin Barrier Repair Effects of Topical Application of Some Plant Oilsmdpi.com
6
Retinoids in the treatment of skin aging: an overview of clinical efficacy and safetyncbi.nlm.nih.gov
7
Improvement of naturally aged skin with vitamin A (retinol)ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
8
A comparative study of the effects of retinol and retinoic acid on histological, molecular, and clinical properties of human skinonlinelibrary.wiley.com
9
Benzophenone 4: An emerging allergen in cosmetics and toiletries?pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
10
Safety Assessment of Pentaerythrityl Tetra-Di-t-Butyl Hydroxyhydrocinnamate as Used in Cosmeticscir-safety.org
11
Safety Assessment of Magnesium Sulfate as Used in Cosmeticsncbi.nlm.nih.gov
12
Hyaluronic acid: A key molecule in skin agingncbi.nlm.nih.gov
13
Hyaluronan (Hyaluronic Acid): a natural moisturizer for skin careresearchgate.net
14
Combination of amino acids reduces pigmentation in B16F0 melanoma cellsncbi.nlm.nih.gov
15
Safety Assessment of α-Amino Acids as Used in Cosmeticsciteseerx.ist.psu.edu
16
Histidine and/or Histidine Derivative for the Treatment of Inflammatory Skin Diseasespatents.google.com
17
Topical palmitoyl pentapeptide provides improvement in photoaged human facial skinonlinelibrary.wiley.com
18
Local rhamnosoft, ceramides and L‐isoleucine in atopic eczema: a randomized, placebo controlled trialonlinelibrary.wiley.com
19
Wheat in skin caremdedge.com
20
Effect of Topical Application of Glycine and Proline on Recalcitrant Leg Ulcers of Prolidase Deficiencyjamanetwork.com
21
Functional glycine receptor in cultured human keratinocytesonlinelibrary.wiley.com
22
Topical vitamin B12--a new therapeutic approach in atopic dermatitis-evaluation of efficacy and tolerability in a randomized placebo-controlled multicentre clinical trialpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
23
Superiority of a vitamin B12-containing emollient compared to a standard emollient in the maintenance treatment of mild-to-moderate plaque psoriasisncbi.nlm.nih.gov
24
Glutathione as a skin whitening agent: Facts, myths, evidence and controversiesijdvl.com
25
Glutathione for skin lightening: a regnant myth or evidence-based verity?ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
26
Glutathione for skin lightening for dermatologists and cosmetologistsijord.com
27
Acetyl aspartic acid, a novel active ingredient, demonstrates potential to improve signs of skin ageing: from consumer need to clinical proofncbi.nlm.nih.gov
28
In vivo topical application of acetyl aspartic acid increases fibrillin-1 and collagen IV deposition leading to a significant improvement of skin firmnessncbi.nlm.nih.gov
29
Vitamin E in dermatologyncbi.nlm.nih.gov
30
Vitamin E and Skin Healthlpi.oregonstate.edu
31
Cosmeceuttical Critigue: Taurinemdedge.com
32
Topical effects of N-acetyl-L-hydroxyproline on ceramide synthesis and alleviation of pruritusncbi.nlm.nih.gov
33
Glucosamine: an ingredient with skin and other benefitsncbi.nlm.nih.gov
34
Niacinamide - mechanisms of action and its topical use in dermatologyncbi.nlm.nih.gov
35
Gehring, W. (2004). Nicotinic acid/niacinamide and the skin. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 3(2), 88–93. doi:10.1111/j.1473-2130.2004.00115.x ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
36
Calcium pantothenate modulates gene expression in proliferating human dermal fibroblastsonlinelibrary.wiley.com
37
Dexpanthenol Modulates Gene Expression in Skin Wound Healing in vivokarger.com
38
Dexapanthenol enhances skin barrier repair and reduces inflammation after sodium lauryl sulphate-induced irritationtandfonline.com
39
Folic acid and creatine improve the firmness of human skin in vivopubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

FilorgaNCEF-Intensive Supreme Multi-Correction Serum [Wrinkles - Firmness - Radiance]

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As an Amazon Associate, WIMJ earns from qualifying purchases.