Glucosamine hcl
Appears on 0 avoid lists
Included in 45 routines
Summary
- Antibacterial
- Moisturizing
- Evens skin tone
- Anti-aging
- Anti-oxidation
WIMJ Team
Might be able to stimulate production of skin's natural moisturizing compounds such as hyaluronic acid. Could be helpful for evening the skin tone.
Products with Glucosamine hcl
- Anti-aging
- Anti-oxidation
- Moisturizing
- Evens skin tone
- +1 more
- niacinamide
- acetyl dipeptide-1 cetyl ester
- acetyl glucosamine
- acetyl hexapeptide-8
- palmitoyl oligopeptide
- palmitoyl tetrapeptide-7
- artemia extract
- astrocaryum murumuru seed butter
- biosaccharide gum-1
- caffeine
- creatine
- dimethicone
- ergothioneine
- faex
- glucosamine hcl
- glycerin
- glycyrrhetinic acid
- hydrolyzed oat protein
- laminaria digitata extract
- lens esculenta fruit extract
- pyrus malus fruit extract
- sigesbeckia orientalis extract
- silica
- silybum marianum extract
- sodium hyaluronate
- sodium lactate
- sodium pca
- titanium dioxide
- trehalose
- yeast extract
- +27 more
FULFILLED
- Anti-aging
- Anti-oxidation
- Exfoliation
- Moisturizing
- Evens skin tone
- Anti-blemish
- +3 more
- niacinamide
- retinol
- tetrahexyldecyl ascorbate
- ceramide np
- linoleic acid
- palmitoyl hexapeptide-12
- palmitoyl tetrapeptide-7
- palmitoyl tripeptide-1
- phytosphingosine
- caprylic/capric triglyceride
- carthamus tinctorius seed oil
- cetearyl alcohol
- cetyl palmitate
- chrysin
- coco-caprylate
- coco-caprylate/caprate
- coconut alkanes
- glucosamine hcl
- glycerin
- glycine soja oil
- jojoba esters
- linolenic acid
- olea europaea fruit oil
- passiflora edulis seed oil
- persea gratissima oil
- phytosterols
- prunus armeniaca kernel oil
- sclerocarya birrea seed oil
- simmondsia chinensis seed oil
- sodium hyaluronate crosspolymer
- stearyl glycyrrhetinate
- tocopherol
- trehalose
- +30 more
FULFILLED
- Anti-aging
- Moisturizing
- Evens skin tone
- acetyl glucosamine
- palmitoyl hexapeptide-12
- urea
- caffeine
- cetyl alcohol
- ergothioneine
- gelidiella acerosa extract
- glucosamine hcl
- glycerin
- hypnea musciformis extract
- jojoba esters
- lactobacillus ferment
- sigesbeckia orientalis extract
- sodium hyaluronate
- sodium pca
- squalane
- sucrose
- trehalose
- triticum vulgare germ extract
- +16 more
FULFILLED
- Anti-aging
- Moisturizing
- Evens skin tone
- tetrahexyldecyl ascorbate
- ceramide ng
- linoleic acid
- palmitoyl hexapeptide-12
- palmitoyl tripeptide-1
- palmitoyl tripeptide-37
- urea
- c12-15 alkyl benzoate
- camellia sinensis leaf extract
- cetearyl alcohol
- dimethicone
- glucosamine hcl
- glycerin
- glycine soja sterols
- laminaria digitata extract
- phospholipids
- saccharomyces cerevisiae extract
- sodium lactate
- squalene
- vitis vinifera seed extract
- +17 more
FULFILLED
- Anti-aging
- Anti-oxidation
- Exfoliation
- Moisturizing
- Evens skin tone
- Anti-blemish
- +3 more
- retinol
- palmitoyl tetrapeptide-7
- palmitoyl tripeptide-1
- allantoin
- althaea officinalis root extract
- butyrospermum parkii butter
- caprylic/capric triglyceride
- carnosine
- cetearyl alcohol
- cetyl alcohol
- coco-caprylate/caprate
- fructooligosaccharides
- glucosamine hcl
- glycerin
- glycine soja protein
- glycosaminoglycans
- olea europaea fruit oil
- prunus amygdalus dulcis oil
- rosa canina fruit oil
- sodium hyaluronate
- squalane
- +18 more
FULFILLED
- Anti-aging
- Anti-oxidation
- Moisturizing
- Evens skin tone
- Anti-blemish
- +2 more
- niacinamide
- ceramide ap
- ceramide eop
- ceramide ng
- ceramide np
- palmitoyl hexapeptide-12
- palmitoyl pentapeptide-4
- phytosphingosine
- c12-15 alkyl benzoate
- caffeine
- camellia sinensis catechins
- camellia sinensis leaf extract
- caprylic/capric triglyceride
- cetearyl alcohol
- cetyl palmitate
- cholesterol
- dimethicone
- glucosamine hcl
- glycerin
- leontopodium alpinum callus culture extract
- phospholipids
- pyrus malus fruit extract
- saccharomyces lysate extract
- squalane
- ubiquinone
- +22 more
FULFILLED
- Anti-aging
- Exfoliation
- Evens skin tone
- Anti-blemish
- +1 more
- glycolic acid
- lactic acid
- salicylic acid
- lactic acid
- glycolic acid
- salicylic acid
- hexanoyl dipeptide-3 norleucine acetate
- niacinamide
- gluconolactone
- tetrapeptide-14
- allantoin
- camellia oleifera leaf extract
- camellia sinensis leaf extract
- caprylic/capric triglyceride
- copper pca
- glucosamine hcl
- glycerin
- honey extract
- lactobacillus ferment
- saccharum officinarum extract
- sodium hyaluronate
- +18 more
FULFILLED
- Anti-aging
- Anti-oxidation
- Exfoliation
- Moisturizing
- Evens skin tone
- Anti-blemish
- +3 more
- salicylic acid
- retinyl palmitate
- retinol
- ascorbic acid
- glycolic acid
- urea
- algae extract
- betaine
- caffeine
- caprylic/capric triglyceride
- cetyl alcohol
- chitosan
- dimethicone
- ethylhexyl palmitate
- glucosamine hcl
- glycerin
- hydrolyzed wheat protein
- inositol
- lens esculenta fruit extract
- polymethylsilsesquioxane
- pyrus malus fruit extract
- saccharomyces/xylinum/black tea ferment
- sodium hyaluronate
- sodium lactate
- sodium pca
- sulfur
- trehalose
- yeast extract
- zinc gluconate
- +26 more
FULFILLED
- Anti-aging
- Anti-oxidation
- Moisturizing
- Evens skin tone
- +1 more
- niacinamide
- acetyl dipeptide-1 cetyl ester
- acetyl glucosamine
- acetyl hexapeptide-8
- palmitoyl oligopeptide
- palmitoyl tetrapeptide-7
- artemia extract
- astrocaryum murumuru seed butter
- biosaccharide gum-1
- caffeine
- creatine
- dimethicone
- ergothioneine
- faex
- glucosamine hcl
- glycerin
- glycyrrhetinic acid
- hydrolyzed oat protein
- laminaria digitata extract
- lens esculenta fruit extract
- pyrus malus fruit extract
- sigesbeckia orientalis extract
- silica
- silybum marianum extract
- sodium hyaluronate
- sodium lactate
- sodium pca
- titanium dioxide
- trehalose
- yeast extract
- +27 more
FULFILLED
- Anti-aging
- Moisturizing
- Evens skin tone
- niacinamide
- copper heptapeptide-14 pantothenate
- heptapeptide-15 palmitate
- adenosine
- palmitoyl oligopeptide
- palmitoyl tetrapeptide-7
- sh-polypeptide-7
- urea
- allantoin
- arginine
- beta-glucan
- butyrospermum parkii butter
- cyclopentasiloxane
- dextran
- dimethicone
- dipotassium glycyrrhizate
- glucosamine hcl
- glycerin
- hydrolyzed wheat protein
- isomalt
- methyl gluceth-20
- olea europaea fruit oil
- peg-10 dimethicone
- phytosterols
- polysilicone-11
- sodium hyaluronate
- squalane
- titanium dioxide
- +25 more
FULFILLED
Questions
Scientifc sources
Similar ingredients
ACETYL GLUCOSAMINE
An effective moisturizing ingredient that also has been shown to be effective in evening out the skin tone and reducing hyperpigmentation. It can help somewhat reduce wrinkles in skin
ALARIA ESCULENTA EXTRACT
Works as a humectant helping to attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might be effective as an anti-oxidant.
ALGAE EXTRACT
Plant extract that helps the skin to attract water and make it more smooth for touch. Also shows promise of anti-aging properties, but research is not extensive yet
ASCORBYL PALMITATE
Being a lipid soluble form of vitamin C, it is more stable and can penetrate the skin better than L-Ascorbic acid. It is effective in protecting the skin from free radicals, as well as evening the skin tone, but is less effective in stimulating collagen production compared to L-Ascorbic acid.
BUTYROSPERMUM PARKII BUTTER
A great moisturising ingredient that softens the skin and reduces water loss from its upper layer. It also can be helpful in protecting skin from free radicals
CAMELLIA SINENSIS LEAF
Green tea leaf powder that might contain antioxidants to help neutralize free radicals in skin
CAMELLIA SINENSIS LEAF EXTRACT
Can contain potent anti-oxidant compounds (abbreviated ECG, GCG, EGC, and EGCG) that might help protect the skin from free radicals. Can help calm down inflammation and has some anti-bacterial properties. Unfortunately, these antioxidants are unstable and lose their effectiveness very quickly in products. The concentration of the antioxidant compounds in the extract also tends to be low to be effective in topical formulation
ACETYL DIPEPTIDE-1 CETYL ESTER
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
DIPALMITOYL HYDROXYPROLINE
Is claimed to stimulate collagen and elastin production, as well as work as an anti-oxidant. There is however not enough evidence for its effectiveness
GLYCINE SOJA PROTEIN
A plant extract that helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin and soften it. It might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals. It might be somewhat helpful for evening out the skin tone. It might be able to support elastin production but solid research is lacking
GLYCINE SOJA SEED EXTRACT
An emollient that helps soften the skin. Might be somewhat helpful in evening the skin tone.
GLYCOLIC ACID
An alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA) that helps to remove the dead skin cells on the surface of the skin reveling a more even, smoother complexation. It is also able to stimulate collagen production with long-term use. Could help to reduce pore congestion. It can be irritating to the skin. Apply sunscreen daily if using products with glycolic acid
HEPTAPEPTIDE-15 PALMITATE
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
LACTIC ACID
An exfoliating and moisturizing alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA). Typically causes less irritation than other AHAs, for example, glycolic acid. At high concentrations (about 15%), lactic acid can help reduce lines and wrinkles. Recent studies show that lactic acid can support the "good" bacteria living on skin's surface (healthy skin microbiom)
COPPER PALMITOYL HEPTAPEPTIDE-14
A synthetic peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles. Can help speed up wound healing
LIMNANTHES ALBA SEED OIL
This oil's cmposition is closest to rapeseed oil. It is a very stable oil and serves as an emoillient
MAGNESIUM ASCORBYL PHOSPHATE
A derivative of vitamin C that is more stable, but less bioavailable than the pure form of vitamin C. It does not penetrate the skin well, but has been shown to convert to pure vitamin C once in skin. It can be helpful in stimulating collagen production and lightening the skin tone, but the required concentration is likely to be very high
NICOTIANA SYLVESTRIS LEAF CELL CULTURE
Has been claimed to have an ability to protect collagen and stimulate its production in skin but further research is lacking so far
PALMITOYL GRAPEVINE SHOOT EXTRACT
An extract from grape plant that can contain a potent antioxidant resveratrol. The manufacturer (Caudalie) claims that this particular extract is effective against hyperpigmentation. This effect would be explained by the resveratrol content. However, there is no independent research confirming the manufacturer's claim beside the potential for anti-oxidant activity
PALMITOYL HEXAPEPTIDE-12
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
PALMITOYL OLIGOPEPTIDE
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
PALMITOYL TETRAPEPTIDE-7
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
PALMITOYL TRIPEPTIDE-1
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
PRUNUS PERSICA LEAF EXTRACT
Might be helpful in supporting collagen and ellastin production but solid research is lacking. Could be irritating
RETINOL
Two steps removed from the active form of vitamin A - retinoic acid. Once converted to the retinoic acid in the skin, retinol is proven to be effective against all signs of aging. It improves skin cell turnover, helps fight blemishes and clogged pores, can regulate excess oil production and even skin tone. It can, however, be quite irritating
RETINYL PALMITATE
Three steps removed from the active form of vitamin A - retinoic acid. To have an effect in the skin, it first needs to be converted twice to become the retinoic acid. This means it is less potent than retinol, but could also be less irritating. Once converted to the retinoic acid in the skin, it helps against all signs of aging, improves skin cell turnover and helps fight blemishes and clogged pores. However, in many cosmetic formulations, it is used in a concentration that is too low to have the full effect
THERMUS THERMOPHILLUS FERMENT
Might be helpful in neutralising free radicals in skin and have some hydration properties
UBIQUINONE
Coenzyme Q10. It helps neutralize free radicals in skin, improves skin hydration and might be helpful agains fine lines and wrinkles. It can be an allergen
TOCOPHEROL
Pure form of vitamin E. Can help moisturise and protect the skin from free radicals. Often used to help stabilise other ingredients or the formula itself
LAMINARIA SACCHARINA EXTRACT
A seaweed extract that contains sugars and can be helpful in attracting water to the upper layers of the skin if used in high enough concentrations
ASCORBYL GLUCOSIDE
A vitamin C derivative that is more stable but less potent than pure form of vitamin C. Has a potential to boost collagen production, nutralise free radicals and reduce hyperpigmentation, but the required concentration is likely to be much higher than for the pure form of vitamin C, limiting the ingredient's effectiveness in products
ADENOSINE PHOSPHATE
Might help improve cell turnover and reduce inflammation in skin. One study shows that the ingredients might be able to stimulate collagen production in skin
AMINOPROPYL ASCORBYL PHOSPHATE
A more stable but less potent derivative of vitamin C. It can help neautralize free radicals and even out the skin tone if used in high enough concentration (required levels are likely to be much higher than for pure vitamin C, and solid studies are lacking at the moment)
LAMINARIA DIGITATA EXTRACT
Seaweed extract that helps the skin to attract water and make it more smooth for touch. Also shows promise of anti-aging properties, but good research is lacking at the moment
SODIUM RNA
Is claimed to have anti-aging properties, but research about its effect in topical application is missing
OLEANOLIC ACID
Might be helpful against blemishes, work as an anti-oxidant, reduce inflammation and improve skin's ability to hold on to moisture, but more research is needed to confirm its effectiveness when applied topically to human skin
TETRAHEXYLDECYL ASCORBATE
Being a lipid soluble form of vitamin C, it is more stable. It is claimed to penetrate skin better than pure vitamin C and have the the similar benefits, but solid studies of its effectiveness are lacking. Is likely to require a higher concentration in a product than pure vitamin C to be effective.
TRIPEPTIDE-1
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
TETRAPEPTIDE-21
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
TRIPEPTIDE-32
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
DIPEPTIDE-2
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
ADENOSINE
Might help improve cell turnover and reduce inflammation in skin. One study shows that the ingredients might be able to stimulate collagen production in skin
PHYLLANTHUS EMBLICA FRUIT EXTRACT
A plant extract that might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals and have a skin lightening effect if used in high enough concentrations
GLUTAMYLAMIDOETHYL IMIDAZOLE
A peptide that is claimed to be helpful in supporting vitamin D production in skin but evidence is lacking
FERULIC ACID
A potent anti-oxidant that has been shown to be effective in neutralizing free radicals in skin. There seem to have a synergetic effect of ferulic acid, vitamin E and C, meaning that when the ingredients are used together, they enhance each other's ability protect the skin against free radicals. Ferulic acid also helps to stabilize other ingredients - including vitamins C and E. It can help to even out the skin tone. Ferulic acid is approved for use as a sunscreen ingredient in Japan in concentrations up to 10%
TETRAHYDROBISDEMETHOXYDIFERULOYLMETHANE
An anti-oxidant derived from curcumin (naturally present in tumeric). It might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals in skin and possibly help even out the skin tone. Can be irritating
TETRAHYDRODEMETHOXYDIFERULOYLMETHANE
An anti-oxidant derived from curcumin (naturally present in tumeric). Is a part of the tetrahydrocurcuminoids complex (THC). The complex might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals in skin and possibly help even out the skin tone. Can be irritating
TETRAHYDRODIFERULOYLMETHANE
An anti-oxidant derived from curcumin (naturally present in tumeric). Is a part of the tetrahydrocurcuminoids complex (THC). The complex might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals in skin and possibly help even out the skin tone. Can be irritating
HYDROXYPROLINE
Is helpful in restoring skin barrier function supporting its moisture levels. Is claimed to stimulte collagen production in skin but evidence is lacking
NELUMBO NUCIFERA EXTRACT
Might be somewhat helpful in protecting elastin in skin and evening skin tone, but good research is lacking. Contains fragrant components and can be irritating.
CENTELLA ASIATICA EXTRACT
A plant extract that has been shown to be able to reduce inflammation in skin, support restoration of skin barrier function, as well as support collagen production. Contains active compounds called centelloids: asiaticoside, madecasosside, asiatic acid and madecassic acid. Might be helpful in preventing stretch marks. It can be itself be irritating though.
CREATINE
Can support skin's ability to neutralize free radicals and produce collagen, though further research is needed to confirm effectiveness
ATELOCOLLAGEN
A protein that helps to attract moisture to the upper layer of the skin and might be helpful in reducing fine lines and wrinkles
SERINE
An amino-acid that helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin. In combination with other amino-acids, might help to reduce fine lines and wrinkles
THREONINE
An amino-acid that helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin. In combination with other amino-acids, might help to reduce fine lines and wrinkles
LYSINE
An amino-acid that helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin. In combination with other amino-acids, might help to reduce fine lines and wrinkles
VITIS VINIFERA SEED EXTRACT
A plant extract that contains resveratrol and other anti-oxidant compounds that can help neutralize free radicals, reduce inflammation in skin and even out its tone. Can be also used to stabilize the product formulation
BETA-GLUCAN
Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin, calm down inflammation and irritation, restore the barrier function and support wound healing. It can be helpful in reducing fine lines and wrinkles
GLUCONOLACTONE
A polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that helps shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. Is believed to be genter than AHAs. It helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and can stimulate production of skin's own hyaluronic acid resulting in improved hydration levels. It has been shown to be helpful against acne and clogged pores if used consistently (e.g over a period of 12 weeks) in high enough concentration. It can help reduce fine lines and wrinkles and improve skin tone with long-term application. Can help neutralize free radicals
ZINC CARBONATE
Might be helpful in reducing fine lines in wrinkles, especially if combined with magnesium aluminum silicate and malonic acid
COPPER GLUCONATE
Typically used to stabilize the product formulations. It is a salt of polyhydroxy acid (PHA) and in larger concentrations, can help shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. It can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Might to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Could be helpful in neutralizing free radicals, but solid research is missing
MAGNESIUM ALUMINUM SILICATE
Might be helpful in restoring skin barrier function and, when combined with zinc carbonate and malonic acid, reducing fine lines and wrinkles by stimulating elastin production. Also helps stabilize the product formulation
PALMITOYL HEXAPEPTIDE-19
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
ZINC GLUCONATE
Typically used to stabilize the product formulations. It is a salt of a polyhydroxy acid (PHA) and in larger concentrations, can help shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. It can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Might to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Could be helpful in neutralizing free radicals, but solid research is missing. Due to the zinc content, might help calm down inflammation in skin
PALMITOYL HEXAPEPTIDE-52
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
MALTOBIONIC ACID
A polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that helps shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. Is genter than AHAs. In addition, it helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. It has been shown to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Might help reduce fine lines and wrinkles and improve skin tone with long-term application. Can help neutralize free radicals
LACTOBIONIC ACID
A polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that helps shed dead cells from the surface of the skin revealing a smoother, more even skin. PHAs tend to be gentler on the skin compared to AHAs (for example, glycolic acid). It also has hydrating properties and helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. It can help calm down inflammation in skin and support restoration of the barrier function. It has an anti-oxidant effect as well. It can help reduce fine line, wrinkles and improve skin elasticity
ILEX PARAGUARIENSIS LEAF EXTRACT
A plant extract that can help neutralize free radicals in skin. Can contain fragrand compounds like linalool that can be irritating
ZINC PCA
A compound that combines zinc with a hydrating ingredient PCA. Might to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Can help calm down inflammation in skin. Could be helpful in reducing the formation of free radicals in skin. Might help to reduce fine lines in wrinkles, but solid evidence is missing
CHRYSIN
Might be helpful in reducing fine lines and wrinkles, as well as lightening the skin, but solid evidence is missing. Could somewhat help in reducing the darkness of the under-eye area. Helps to neutralise free radicals in skin
OLIVINE EXTRACT
A mineral, magnesium iron silicate. It can help add minerals to the surface of the skin that might be helpful for its barrier function. It is claimed to be able to support collagen production but evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking
PALMITOYL PROLINE
An amino-acid that helps attract watet to the upper layer of the skin and might have some anti-aging properties
ACETYL HEXAPEPTIDE-8
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
PALMITOYL TRIPEPTIDE-5
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
PALMITOYL PENTAPEPTIDE-4
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
ARGININE/LYSINE POLYPEPTIDE
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
PALMITOYL TRIPEPTIDE-38
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
ACETYL TETRAPEPTIDE-2
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
TRIFLUOROACETYL TRIPEPTIDE-2
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
DIPEPTIDE DIAMINOBUTYROYL BENZYLAMIDE DIACETATE
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
ACETYL TETRAPEPTIDE-9
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
COPPER TRIPEPTIDE-1
A naturally occurring peptide. One of the most studied peptides in dermatology. It is sometimes abbreviated GHK-Cu. Belongs to the class of carrier peptides. It stimulates both synthesis and breakdown of collagen in skin. It is released in skin wounds and inflammation to support healing. It accelerates wound-healing of the skin and can stimulate hair growth. There are preliminary studies that confirm that copper tripeptide can help support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles and decrease inflammation in skin.
TRIPEPTIDE-10 CITRULLINE
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
ACETYL HEXAPEPTIDE-7
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
ACETYL OCTAPEPTIDE-3
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
ACETYL TETRAPEPTIDE-17
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
DIPEPTIDE-8
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
HEXAPEPTIDE-9
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
MYRISTOYL NONAPEPTIDE-3
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
OCTAPEPTIDE-7
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
OLIGOPEPTIDE-34
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
OLIGOPEPTIDE-5
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
PALMITOYL TRIPEPTIDE-4
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
MAGNESIUM PALMITOYL GLUTAMATE
An amino acid that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Might be helpful against lines and wrinkles, but evidence of effectiveness is lacking
DECARBOXY CARNOSINE HCL
Might be able to protect the skin from free radicals, but further evidence of effectiveness is needed
TOCOTRIENOLS
A type of vitamin E that is more powerful in neutralizing free radicals compared to its other forms
ALANYL GLUTAMINE
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
CARNOSINE
A type of peptide. It attracts water to the upper layer of the skin. It can help neutralize free radicals in skin combatting the sun damage
SODIUM ASCORBYL PHOSPHATE
A stable derivative of vitamin C. It is oil-soluble which means it is more likely to penetrate the skin compared to the pure form of vitamin C (which is water-soluble), but it is less bio-available and is way less effective in stimulating collagen and reducing wrinkles compared to the pure form of vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) and its other derivatives (for example, magnesium ascorbyl phosphate). At the same time, this vitamin C derivative has been shown in studies to be effective in reducing acne, blemishes and clogged pores. It is less irritating then the pure form of vitamin C
HYDROXYDECYL UBIQUINONE
An analogue of coenzyme Q10 that has a lower molecular weight, which can improve its ability to penetrate the skin. It helps neutralize free radicals in skin, improves skin hydration and might be helpful agains fine lines and wrinkles. It can be an allergen
LYCIUM BARBARUM FRUIT EXTRACT
A plant extract that can help neutralize free radicals in skin and attract water to its upper layer
RESVERATROL
Helps neutralize free radicals in skin and might help reduce fine lines and wrinkles, as well as even out the skin tone
SH-POLYPEPTIDE-11
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
SH-POLYPEPTIDE-9
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
HYDROLYZED GINSENG SAPONINS
Plant extract that might help calm down inflammation in skin and neutralize free radicals, but effectiveness of topical application is not confirmed. Can be an allergen
GLUCONIC ACID
A polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that helps shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. Is believed to be genter than AHAs. It helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and can stimulate production of skin's own hyaluronic acid resulting in imporved hydration levels. It has been shown to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Might help reduce fine lines and wrinkles and improve skin tone with long-term application. Can help neutralize free radicals
OLIGOPEPTIDE-10
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA EXTRACT
Plant extract that might be helpful in repairing sun damage but evidence of effectiveness in skin are lacking
ASTAXANTHIN
Helps neutralize free radicals in skin and might help to calm down inflammation
GALACTOMYCES FERMENT FILTRATE
A yeast ferment filtrate (also known as Pitera - a trademarked name for the filtrate reserved by the SK-II brand). It helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin, can help neutralize antioxidants and can be helpful in evening out the skin tone. It might be somewhat helpful in preventing premature skin aging but solid evidence is lacking. A small manufacturer study also shows that, when used in high concentrations, it can help reduce sebum production and help against blocked pores
POLYGONUM BISTORTA ROOT EXTRACT
A plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant properties and is claimed by its manufacturer to be able to decrease lines and wrinkles but evidence is lacking
RETINYL PROPIONATE
Three steps removed from the active form of vitamin A - retinoic acid. To have an effect in the skin, it first needs to be converted twice to become the retinoic acid. This means it is less potent than retinol, but could also be less irritating. Once converted to the retinoic acid in the skin, it helps against all signs of aging, improves skin cell turnover and helps fight blemishes and clogged pores, even thought its potency is not as well established as in case of retinol or retinaldehyde
3-GLYCERYL ASCORBATE
A moisturizing vitamin C derivative. It is considered to be one of the most stable ones. It is effective in neutralizing free radicals and can help to even out the skin tone if used in high enough concentration
3-O-ETHYL ASCORBIC ACID
A vitamin C derivative that is more stable but less potent than pure form of vitamin C. Can help neutralize free radicals and help reduce hyperpigmentation, but the required concentration is likely to be much higher than for the pure form of vitamin C, limiting the ingredient's effectiveness in products
ACETYL TETRAPEPTIDE-11
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
ACETYL TETRAPEPTIDE-15
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
ACETYL TETRAPEPTIDE-5
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
ASPARTIC ACID
An amino-acid that helps increase skin hydration and might help to slightly improve skin firmness, potentially reducing lines and wrinkles
CENTELLA ASIATICA LEAF EXTRACT
A plant extract that has been shown to be able to reduce inflammation in skin, support restoration of skin barrier function, as well as support collagen production. It can be irritating to sensitive skin. Might be helpful in preventing stretch marks. It could, however, itself be irritating.
SH-POLYPEPTIDE-3
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
MADECASSOSIDE
An antioxidant that is typically derived from plant Centella Asiatica. It can help neutralize free radicals in skin and support skin barrier function. It could, however, itself be irritating. It is often unstable in formulations
BAKUCHIOL
A plant extract that is, though different in chemical structure, acts similar to retinoids. First studies show that it can help reduce fine lines and wrinkles, improve skin tone, reduce clogged pores and blemishes, and reduce inflammation. There is no conclusive evidence that bakuchiol is as effective as retinol however. The study that directly compared retinol with bakuchiol used bakuchiol applied twice daily compared to once per day for the retinol. According to this study, bakuchiol is less irritating than retinol. Bakuchiol is extracted from seeds of Babchi plant. Other parts of the plant contain coumarins that could cause allergic and irritant reactions. These compounds should be removed in the extraction process when bakuchiol is produced, but it is a good idea to be cautious and stay away from products that include the Babchi plant extracts other than purified bakuchiol to avoid irritation
ADAPALENE
A retinoid that is effective against acne and keratosis pilaris. It can also help reduce signs of aging (fine lines, wrinkles, loss of elasticity) and can improve skin tone
RETINYL RETINOATE
A "hybrid" of retinol and retinoic acid. It is more stable than retinol and is likely to be more effective based on the early research data available. Is as irritating as retinol
SODIUM SALICYLATE
The salt of salicylic acid. Helps exfoliate the upper layer of the skin. Can also work to preserve cosmetic products
RETINYL LINOLEATE
An ester of a retinoid and linoleic acid. Three steps removed from the bioactive form of retinoid, retinoic acid. Once converted to retinoic acid in skin, it can help reduce wrinkles, stimulate collagen production, even out skin tone and reduce blemishes. The concentrations used in cosmetic products are often not high enough to have a positive effect in skin.
ARGININE PCA
An amino-acid. Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and can help neutralize free radicals in skin
NIACIN
A form of vitamin B3. It is similar in action to niacinamide, but is more likely to cause red flashes in skin as the side effect
ASIATICOSIDE
An active compound of Centella Asiatica plant extract. In combination with other active compounds of Centella Asiatica extract (madecasosside, asiatic acid and madecassic acid), asiaticoside has been shown to be helpful in wound-healing, restoring skin barrier function and supporting collagen production in skin. It can, however, itself be irritating
SH-OLIGOPEPTIDE-2
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
OLIGOPEPTIDE-68
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
PANTHENYL TRIACETATE
A stable oil-soluble derivative of vitamin B5. It can help support skin barrier and reduce inflammation in skin
HYDROXYDECYL UBIQUINOYL DIPALMITOYL GLYCERATE
Idebenone complex. Helps neutralize free radicals in skin
ACETYL FARNESYLCYSTEINE
A synthetic amino-acid that might help calm down inflammation in skin and reduce its irritation, but conclusive studies are not available at the moment. It can help to attract water to the upper layer of the skin and support skin barrier
OLIGOPEPTIDE-3
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
PALMITOYL TRIPEPTIDE-56
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
PHLORETIN
An antioxidant. Can help neutralize free radicals in skin
EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATYL GLUCOSIDE
A synthetic version of green tea polyphenol that helps neutralize free radicals in skin
OLEOYL DIPEPTIDE-15
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
OLEOYL TETRAPEPTIDE-31
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
HYDROLYZED HIBISCUS ESCULENTUS EXTRACT
A plant extract that might contain a peptide (Myoxinol). It could be helpful in attracting water to the upper layer of the skin and might have some anti-aging effect, but the research is lacking and it is rarely used in a high enough concentration
CAPROOYL TETRAPEPTIDE-3
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
PALMITOYL DIPEPTIDE-10
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
HEXANOYL DIPEPTIDE-3 NORLEUCINE ACETATE
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
OLIGOPEPTIDE-1
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
CAMELLIA SINENSIS CATECHINS
A group of chemical compounds extracted from Green Tea. They can help neutralize free radicals in skin. Might be able to help repair sun damage and clam down inflammation in skin
CAMELLIA SINENSIS SEED OIL
A plant oil that helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and can help restore the skin barrier. Might have some anti-oxidant effect
SH-POLYPEPTIDE-16
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
FOLIC ACID
Can help stimulate collagen production in skin. While available studies are promising, more research is needed to confirm the efficacy in skin
TETRADECYL AMINOBUTYROYLVALYLAMINOBUTYRIC UREA TRIFLUOROACETATE
A peptide. It helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin, support skin's barrier function and might have some slight anti-aging effect through stimulating skin's own production of hyaluronic acid
OLIGOPEPTIDE-4
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
AMINOBUTYRIC ACID
Has been shown to support wound healing and skin barrier function when used topically in rats. Is likely to be effective in supporting skin's hydration and barrier function, but research for human skin is missing. Might have some anti-aging properties but the research is missing
ISOQUERCITRIN
Antioxidant that might help reduce free radicals and reduce melanin production, but more research is needed to understand if it is effective in skin
HYALURONIC ACID
One of the best moisturizing ingredients. Attracts water into the upper layer of the skin. Naturally present in skin. Typically has large molecule size unless advertised otherwise on the product label. Helps support skin's barrier function and may help to reduce inflammation
TETRAPEPTIDE-5
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
TETRAPEPTIDE-36
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
TETRAPEPTIDE-7
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
TETRAPEPTIDE-38
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
PALMITOYL TRIPEPTIDE-31
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
TETRAPEPTIDE-40
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
HEXAPEPTIDE-42
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
HEXAPEPTIDE-33
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
TRIPEPTIDE-13
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
PENTAPEPTIDE-4
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
AZELAOYL BIS-DIPEPTIDE-10
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
PALMITOYL SH-TRIPEPTIDE-4 AMIDE
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
ACETYL CYCLOHEXAPEPTIDE-34
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
ACETYL DECAPEPTIDE-3
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
ACETYL HEPTAPEPTIDE-9
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
ACETYL HEXAPEPTIDE-1
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
ACETYL HEXAPEPTIDE-30
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
ACETYL HEXAPEPTIDE-37
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
ACETYL SH-HEPTAPEPTIDE-1
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
ACETYL TETRAPEPTIDE-3
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
HUMAN ADIPOSE DERIVED STEM CELL CONDITIONED MEDIA
A stem cell extract. There is no evidence that it is effective when applied topically to the skin
ASCORBIC ACID POLYPEPTIDE
A type of peptide. Might help neutralize free radicals in skin. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
MYRISTOYL PENTAPEPTIDE-8
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
NICOTIANA BENTHAMIANA HEXAPEPTIDE-40 SH-OLIGOPEPTIDE-1
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
BIOTINOYL TRIPEPTIDE-1
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
COPPER HEPTAPEPTIDE-14 PANTOTHENATE
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
CYCLOTETRAPEPTIDE-24 AMINOCYCLOHEXANE CARBOXYLATE
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
DECAPEPTIDE-1
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
DECAPEPTIDE-22
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
FERULOYL OLIGOPEPTIDE-33
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
NICOTIANA BENTHAMIANA HEXAPEPTIDE-40 SH-POLYPEPTIDE-76
A fusion peptide that combines peptides produced by human and plant cells. It might have anti-aging effect in skin and can help the skin moisturization
DIPEPTIDE-4
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
FERRIC HEXAPEPTIDE-35
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
HEXAPEPTIDE-11
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
HEXAPEPTIDE-2
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
HEXAPEPTIDE-3
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
HEXAPEPTIDE-48 HCL
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
LAUROYL SH-OLIGOPEPTIDE-33
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
SH-POLYPEPTIDE-2
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
MYRISTOYL HEXAPEPTIDE-16
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
MYRISTOYL PENTAPEPTIDE-17
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
N-PROLYL PALMITOYL TRIPEPTIDE-56 ACETATE
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
NIACINAMIDE/YEAST POLYPEPTIDE
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
NONAPEPTIDE-1
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
OCTAPEPTIDE-2
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
OLIGOPEPTIDE-24
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
OLIGOPEPTIDE-30
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
OLIGOPEPTIDE-31
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
OLIGOPEPTIDE-32
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
OLIGOPEPTIDE-33
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
OLIGOPEPTIDE-35
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
OLIGOPEPTIDE-41
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
RHAMNOSE
Helps oil and water mix together. It also helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin
ASCORBYL TETRAISOPALMITATE
A vitamin C derivative. Studies show that is might be effective in reducing hyperpigmentation, but there are no studies confirming that it is effectively converted into the bioavailable form of Vitamin C in skin. It is not clear how this derivative compares in effectiveness to the topical application of bioavailable form of vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid)
PENTAPEPTIDE-18
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
SH-POLYPEPTIDE-22
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
SH-POLYPEPTIDE-45
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
SH-POLYPEPTIDE-8
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
PENTAPEPTIDE-34 TRIFLUOROACETATE
A type of peptide that works as a great moisturizer. It might also have some anti-aging effect and help neutralize free radicals in skin
SH-DECAPEPTIDE-7
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
SH-OCTAPEPTIDE-4
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
SH-OLIGOPEPTIDE-9
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
NICOTINOYL TRIPEPTIDE-1
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
ARGANIA SPINOSA SPROUT CELL EXTRACT
Plant stem cell extract. Can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals
SALICYLOYL PHYTOSPHINGOSINE
Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Might have anti-aging benefits but solid study data is lacking
ACETYL TYROSINAMIDE
An amino acid derivative. A manufacturer's study shows that it can help somewhat reduce wrinkles when used in combination with a low concentration of glycolic acid. No independent human in-vivo studies of this compound are available
DIPEPTIDE-1
A type of peptide. Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have anti-aging benefits
PENTAPEPTIDE-48
A type of peptide. Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have anti-aging benefits
GARDENIA JASMINOIDES MERISTEM CELL CULTURE
A stem cell extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin
EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATE
A polyphenol found in tea. This particular compound abbreviated EGCG is the most powerful antioxidant among those extracted from tea (usually green tea). Unfortunately, EGCG is unstable, requires a low pH (below 4) to prevent quick degradation, and does not penetrate the skin very well. This is why the full anti-oxidant effect of EGCG is typically not realized when it is added to topical skincare
Tretinoin
Bioavailable form of Vitamin A that is the most effective known topical ingredients for reducing wrinkles, improving skin firmness, treating acne, as well as hyperpigmentation. It is not available over-the counter in many countries, including US and UK
HYDROXYPINACOLONE RETINOATE
A derivative of the most potent form of vitamin A, retinoic acid. The ingredient can be sold under name Granactive Retinoid. Note that if a skincare brand discloses the concentration of Granactive Retinoid in a product, the concentration refers to a diluted form of Hydroxypinacolone Retinoate: 1% of Granactive Retinoid corresponds to 0.1% of Hydroxypinacolone Retinoate. Hydroxypinacolone Retinoate (HPR) is a unique derivative of retinoic acid because it can directly work in the skin and does not require additional conversion steps. According to studies done by the manufacturer on models of human skin (not real people), this derivative is more effective than other cosmetic versions of retinoids (such as retinol, retinaldehyde, and retinyl palmitate), and, at the same time, causes less irritation. It has been also demonstrated to be more stable than retinol which makes formulating with easier and increases the chances that a product with it will maintain its effectiveness after opening. The packaging should still ideally be air-tight. HPR is available over the counter in the EU, UK, Asia, Australia and New Zealand, but is only with a prescription in Canada.
RETINAL
One step removed from the biologically active in skin form of vitamin A. Once converted to the retinoic acid in the skin, retinal is proven to be effective against all signs of aging. It improves skin cell turnover, helps fight blemishes and clogged pores, can regulate excess oil production and even skin tone. Concentrations of 0.05% and 0.1% are shown to be effective. It can, however, be irritating
ASCORBIC ACID
The most well-researched antioxidant that works in skin. Helps neutralize free radicals supporting collagen production, helping to even out the skin tone and preventing early signs of aging
NIACINAMIDE
Is proven to be effective in reducing blemishes, evening out skin tone and helping to improve lines and wrinkles. It helps the skin to repair sun damage, calm down inflammation and keep maintain good levels of moisture
SH-POLYPEPTIDE-17
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
SH-OLIGOPEPTIDE-1
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
SH-POLYPEPTIDE-1
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
MELIA AZADIRACHTA LEAF EXTRACT
A plant extract that has anti-bacterial properties. Can be used to preserve the product. Can be irritating
CHITOSAN
Inhibits acne-causing bacteria on the surface of the skin. Can help to reduce inflammation caused by bacteria. Helps neutralize free radicals in skin. Helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin
ALARIA ESCULENTA EXTRACT
Works as a humectant helping to attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might be effective as an anti-oxidant.
ASCORBIC ACID
The most well-researched antioxidant that works in skin. Helps neutralize free radicals supporting collagen production, helping to even out the skin tone and preventing early signs of aging
ASCORBYL PALMITATE
Being a lipid soluble form of vitamin C, it is more stable and can penetrate the skin better than L-Ascorbic acid. It is effective in protecting the skin from free radicals, as well as evening the skin tone, but is less effective in stimulating collagen production compared to L-Ascorbic acid.
AVENA SATIVA KERNEL EXTRACT
An effective moisturizing and skin barrier repair ingredient. Helps calm down inflammation and has some anti-oxidant properties
BETULA ALBA BARK EXTRACT
Has astringent properties. Creates a tightening and drying effect on the skin. Can be irritating
BRASSICA OLERACEA ITALICA EXTRACT
Might have some anti-inflammatory properties but research is lacking
BUTYROSPERMUM PARKII BUTTER
A great moisturising ingredient that softens the skin and reduces water loss from its upper layer. It also can be helpful in protecting skin from free radicals
CAFFEINE
Might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals. Can have a dehydration effect that might somewhat decrease the look of puffy eyes
CAMELLIA OLEIFERA SEED OIL
An emollient that does not leave a greasy finish
CAMELLIA SINENSIS LEAF EXTRACT
Can contain potent anti-oxidant compounds (abbreviated ECG, GCG, EGC, and EGCG) that might help protect the skin from free radicals. Can help calm down inflammation and has some anti-bacterial properties. Unfortunately, these antioxidants are unstable and lose their effectiveness very quickly in products. The concentration of the antioxidant compounds in the extract also tends to be low to be effective in topical formulation
CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS SEED OIL
An emollient that helps soften the skin and might help calm down inflammation
ASCORBYL GLUCOSIDE
A vitamin C derivative that is more stable but less potent than pure form of vitamin C. Has a potential to boost collagen production, nutralise free radicals and reduce hyperpigmentation, but the required concentration is likely to be much higher than for the pure form of vitamin C, limiting the ingredient's effectiveness in products
VIOLA TRICOLOR EXTRACT
A plant extract that might have an anti-inflammatory effect in skin
CENTELLA ASIATICA EXTRACT
A plant extract that has been shown to be able to reduce inflammation in skin, support restoration of skin barrier function, as well as support collagen production. Contains active compounds called centelloids: asiaticoside, madecasosside, asiatic acid and madecassic acid. Might be helpful in preventing stretch marks. It can be itself be irritating though.
BISABOLOL
An active component of chamomile plant that historically has been used to calm down irritated skin. A recent study shows that bisabolol indeed can have some anti-inflammatory effect on skin, even though conclusive data is lacking. Bisabolol has a sweet floral scent and can be added to products for its aromatic properties
CAMELLIA SINENSIS LEAF
Green tea leaf powder that might contain antioxidants to help neutralize free radicals in skin
COLLOIDAL OATMEAL
Helps to restore skin barrier function, soften the upper layer of the skin and calm down inflammation
COMMIPHORA MUKUL RESIN EXTRACT
A plant extract might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals and reducing inflammation in skin
MEDICAGO SATIVA EXTRACT
A plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin
CUCUMIS SATIVUS FRUIT EXTRACT
Might be somewhat helpful in reducing hyperpigmentation and neutralizing free radicals but its typical concentration in a product is too low for having an effect
DIPALMITOYL HYDROXYPROLINE
Is claimed to stimulate collagen and elastin production, as well as work as an anti-oxidant. There is however not enough evidence for its effectiveness
GLYCINE SOJA SEED EXTRACT
An emollient that helps soften the skin. Might be somewhat helpful in evening the skin tone.
GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA ROOT EXTRACT
A plant extract that can help lighten the skin and calm down inflammation. Might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals
HIPPOPHAE RHAMNOIDES OIL
A good emollient. Contains various ingredients including vitamins and fatty acids that could work in the skin to neutralize free radicals and minimize moisture loss - if enough of these compounds is able to penetrate the skin in an active form.
LIMNANTHES ALBA SEED OIL
This oil's cmposition is closest to rapeseed oil. It is a very stable oil and serves as an emoillient
ALCHEMILLA VULGARIS EXTRACT
A plant extract that has astringent properties. In other words, it might be able to interact with keratin in the uppermost layer of the skin to reduce swelling and create a temporal tightening effect. It can be irritating
MALPIGHIA EMARGINATA SEED EXTRACT
Can help neutralize free radicals in skin but is typically not used in a high enough concentration
SPINACIA OLERACEA LEAF EXTRACT
A plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant properties
SACCHAROMYCES/RICE FERMENT FILTRATE
A product of yeast fermentation. Can contain humectants that help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might help neutralize free oxidants
PALMITOYL GRAPEVINE SHOOT EXTRACT
An extract from grape plant that can contain a potent antioxidant resveratrol. The manufacturer (Caudalie) claims that this particular extract is effective against hyperpigmentation. This effect would be explained by the resveratrol content. However, there is no independent research confirming the manufacturer's claim beside the potential for anti-oxidant activity
PANAX GINSENG ROOT EXTRACT
A plant extract that might have some anti-inflammatory properties, but solid evidence is lacking. It can be irritating
PRUNUS AMYGDALUS DULCIS OIL
An emollient that softens the skin
PRUNUS ARMENIACA KERNEL OIL
An emollient that helps soften the skin
RETINOL
Two steps removed from the active form of vitamin A - retinoic acid. Once converted to the retinoic acid in the skin, retinol is proven to be effective against all signs of aging. It improves skin cell turnover, helps fight blemishes and clogged pores, can regulate excess oil production and even skin tone. It can, however, be quite irritating
RIBES NIGRUM SEED OIL
An emollient. Can be helpful for restoring skin barrier function.
ROSA CANINA FRUIT OIL
A great emollient. Contains vitamin E (tocopherol) which may give it some anti-oxidant properties. Can contain volatile compounds and can be irritating
ROSMARINUS OFFICINALIS LEAF EXTRACT
Can be helpful in reducing inflammation in skin. Is a likely irritant
SCLEROCARYA BIRREA SEED OIL
An emollient that helps to soften the skin. It has a high contetn of oleic acid that might weaken the skin barrier. Might have some anti-oxidant properties. It might be somewhat helpful against hyperpigmentation.
MAGNESIUM ASCORBYL PHOSPHATE
A derivative of vitamin C that is more stable, but less bioavailable than the pure form of vitamin C. It does not penetrate the skin well, but has been shown to convert to pure vitamin C once in skin. It can be helpful in stimulating collagen production and lightening the skin tone, but the required concentration is likely to be very high
SILYBUM MARIANUM EXTRACT
Might be able to help neutralize free radical, calm down inflammation in skin, and even skin tone
THERMUS THERMOPHILLUS FERMENT
Might be helpful in neutralising free radicals in skin and have some hydration properties
TOCOPHERYL ACETATE
A more stable but less bio-available form of vitamin E compared to Tocopherol. Might help moisturize and protect the skin from free radicals, but mostly used in low concentrations to stabilize other ingredients.
NASTURTIUM OFFICINALE EXTRACT
Used as a fragrance. Might have anti-oxidant properties
TRITICUM VULGARE GERM EXTRACT
Plant extract that might have moisturizing properties. Avoid if you suffer from wheat or gluten intolerance
TRITICUM VULGARE GERM OIL
A good emoillient. Contains vitamin E which can help neutralise free radicals, however the oil is unstable. Avoid if you have gluten or wheat sensitivity (including food allergies).
VITIS VINIFERA SEED OIL
A great emollient that can also have anti-oxidant properties
ARGANIA SPINOSA KERNEL OIL
An emollient that helps soften the upper layer of the skin. Might have some weak anti-oxidant properties
CITRULLUS LANATUS FRUIT EXTRACT
A plant extract that can contain an antioxidant compound
HORDEUM VULGARE EXTRACT
A plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant properties. Avoid if you are sensitive to gluten
ETHYLBISIMINOMETHYLGUAIACOL MANGANESE CHLORIDE
A potent anti-oxidant that can help neutralize free radicals in skin and protect from harmful effects of sun exposure, even though more studies are needed to confirm its effectiveness in topical applications
TOCOPHEROL
Pure form of vitamin E. Can help moisturise and protect the skin from free radicals. Often used to help stabilise other ingredients or the formula itself
ERGOTHIONEINE
Can help neutralize free radicals in skin. Preliminary studies show that it can be more effective than coenzyme Q10 but studies on effective concentration for topical applications are lacking
LENS ESCULENTA FRUIT EXTRACT
A plant extract containing sugars that might help attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Is claimed by the manufacturer to help reduce pore size but evidence is lacking
GLYCYRRHETINIC ACID
Active compound of licorice root. Works to calm down inflammation, as an anti-oxidant, and might be helpful in lightening the skin and reducing hyperpigmentation
GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA LEAF EXTRACT
A plant extract that can be effective for calming down inflammation and lightening the skin, but the effectivenss in products can vary significantly based on the extract quality and concentration used
HABERLEA RHODOPENSIS LEAF EXTRACT
A plant extract that if used in high concentration might help to neutralize free radicals in skin
POLYGONUM CUSPIDATUM ROOT EXTRACT
A plant extract that can contain resveratrol, an antioxidant that can help neutralize free radicals in skin. The effectiveness depends on the extract quality and concentration in the product
BETA VULGARIS ROOT EXTRACT
A plant extract that might have some antioxidant properties, but mostly used in cosmetics for its color
AMINOPROPYL ASCORBYL PHOSPHATE
A more stable but less potent derivative of vitamin C. It can help neautralize free radicals and even out the skin tone if used in high enough concentration (required levels are likely to be much higher than for pure vitamin C, and solid studies are lacking at the moment)
LAMINARIA DIGITATA EXTRACT
Seaweed extract that helps the skin to attract water and make it more smooth for touch. Also shows promise of anti-aging properties, but good research is lacking at the moment
QUERCETIN
Might be able to help neutralize free radicals in skin
PEUCEDANUM GRAVEOLENS EXTRACT
A plant extract. Might have an antioxidant effect. Can be used as a fragrance
TETRAHEXYLDECYL ASCORBATE
Being a lipid soluble form of vitamin C, it is more stable. It is claimed to penetrate skin better than pure vitamin C and have the the similar benefits, but solid studies of its effectiveness are lacking. Is likely to require a higher concentration in a product than pure vitamin C to be effective.
UBIQUINONE
Coenzyme Q10. It helps neutralize free radicals in skin, improves skin hydration and might be helpful agains fine lines and wrinkles. It can be an allergen
OLEANOLIC ACID
Might be helpful against blemishes, work as an anti-oxidant, reduce inflammation and improve skin's ability to hold on to moisture, but more research is needed to confirm its effectiveness when applied topically to human skin
SCROPHULARIA NODOSA EXTRACT
A plant extract that might have an anti-oxidant effect. Used as a fragrance
COLA ACUMINATA SEED EXTRACT
A plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant properties, but research is missing
HELICHRYSUM STOECHAS EXTRACT
A plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant properties. Contains an essential oil that can irritate the skin
PARACHLORELLA BEIJERINCKII EXOPOLYSACCHARIDES
Compounds extracted from green algae that could help neutralize free radicals, but evidence of effectiveness in skincare products (topical applicaiton) is missing. Helps moisturize the skin by attracting water to its upper layer
HYDROLYZED YEAST EXTRACT
Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have some anti-oxidant and skin lightening properties
PHYLLANTHUS EMBLICA FRUIT EXTRACT
A plant extract that might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals and have a skin lightening effect if used in high enough concentrations
FERULIC ACID
A potent anti-oxidant that has been shown to be effective in neutralizing free radicals in skin. There seem to have a synergetic effect of ferulic acid, vitamin E and C, meaning that when the ingredients are used together, they enhance each other's ability protect the skin against free radicals. Ferulic acid also helps to stabilize other ingredients - including vitamins C and E. It can help to even out the skin tone. Ferulic acid is approved for use as a sunscreen ingredient in Japan in concentrations up to 10%
TETRAHYDROBISDEMETHOXYDIFERULOYLMETHANE
An anti-oxidant derived from curcumin (naturally present in tumeric). It might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals in skin and possibly help even out the skin tone. Can be irritating
TETRAHYDRODEMETHOXYDIFERULOYLMETHANE
An anti-oxidant derived from curcumin (naturally present in tumeric). Is a part of the tetrahydrocurcuminoids complex (THC). The complex might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals in skin and possibly help even out the skin tone. Can be irritating
TETRAHYDRODIFERULOYLMETHANE
An anti-oxidant derived from curcumin (naturally present in tumeric). Is a part of the tetrahydrocurcuminoids complex (THC). The complex might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals in skin and possibly help even out the skin tone. Can be irritating
CHLORELLA VULGARIS EXTRACT
A plant extract that can help to attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have some anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties
UNCARIA GAMBIR EXTRACT
A plant extract that might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals, but solid research is missing. Can be irritating
SILYBUM MARIANUM SEED OIL
A plant oil that contains essential oils that can be irritating. Can help soften the upper layer of the skin. Might have some anti-oxidant activity but evidence is lacking
PORPHYRA UMBILICALIS EXTRACT
An algae extract that can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Might have an anti-oxidant effect in skin but evidence is lacking
NELUMBO NUCIFERA EXTRACT
Might be somewhat helpful in protecting elastin in skin and evening skin tone, but good research is lacking. Contains fragrant components and can be irritating.
ANTHEMIS NOBILIS FLOWER OIL
An essential oil that is used as a fragrance and can be irritating. It might have some anti-oxidant effect in skin
TAURINE
Could be helpful in reducing inflammation in skin, evening out the skin tone and neutralizing free radicals, but more research is needed to confirm its effectiveness
ELLAGIC ACID
Can help neutralize free radicals in skin. It can help prevent and treat hyperpigmentation and even out the skin tone
SAMBUCUS NIGRA FRUIT EXTRACT
A plant extract that may contain a small amount of essential oils. Might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals in skin
SAPINDUS MUKOROSSI PEEL EXTRACT
A plant extract that can contain saponins. Might have anti-bactrial and anti-oxidant effect in skin. Also can be used to help oil and water mix together
BIFIDA FERMENT LYSATE
Consists of remains of dead yeast bacteria cells. Helps to hydrate the skin and reduce irritation. Might has some anti-oxidant effect
THEOBROMA CACAO SEED BUTTER
Helps soften the upper layer of the skin and can be helpful in restoring the skin barrier function. Might have some anti-oxidant effect
HIBISCUS SABDARIFFA FLOWER EXTRACT
A plant extract that can be irritating. It might contain a compound anthocyanin that could be helpful in neutralizing free radicals
PYRUS MALUS SEED OIL
Can contain essential oil that can be irritating. Can help to soften the upper layer of the skin. Might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals
VITIS VINIFERA FRUIT EXTRACT
A plant extract that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. It might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals in skin, but is less potent than the extract from the seeds
MORUS NIGRA ROOT EXTRACT
A plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin and have some skin-lightening effect, but good evidence is missing
CASTANEA SATIVA SEED EXTRACT
A plant extract that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and can help neutralize free radicals
SALVIA SCLAREA EXTRACT
Used as a fragrance. Can be irritating
CREATINE
Can support skin's ability to neutralize free radicals and produce collagen, though further research is needed to confirm effectiveness
COFFEA ARABICA SEED OIL
Might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals in skin
EUTERPE OLERACEA FRUIT EXTRACT
A plant extract that can have some anti-oxidant effect in skin
OENOTHERA BIENNIS SEED EXTRACT
A plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant properties but evidence is lacking
ROSA CANINA FRUIT EXTRACT
A plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant properties, but evidence is lacking
PELARGONIUM GRAVEOLENS FLOWER OIL
An essential oil. Can be irritating. Can become an allergen with oxidation
MYRTUS COMMUNIS LEAF EXTRACT
A plant extract that contains an essential oil and often used for its fragrance. Can be irritating. It has some anti-bacterial and anti-oxidant properties
CENTAURIUM ERYTHRAEA EXTRACT
A plant extract that can help calm down inflammation in skin
MICROCOCCUS LYSATE
Consists of remains of dead bacteria cells. Is likely helpful in attracting water to the upper layer of the skin. Might be helpful in reducing inflammation and neutralizing free radicals in skin. It is claimed to be a "DNA repair enzyme"
VITIS VINIFERA SEED EXTRACT
A plant extract that contains resveratrol and other anti-oxidant compounds that can help neutralize free radicals, reduce inflammation in skin and even out its tone. Can be also used to stabilize the product formulation
GLYCINE SOJA PROTEIN
A plant extract that helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin and soften it. It might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals. It might be somewhat helpful for evening out the skin tone. It might be able to support elastin production but solid research is lacking
CALENDULA OFFICINALIS FLOWER EXTRACT
A plant extract that has some anti-oxidant and anti-bacterial properties. Can be irritating
BETA-GLUCAN
Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin, calm down inflammation and irritation, restore the barrier function and support wound healing. It can be helpful in reducing fine lines and wrinkles
BORAGO OFFICINALIS SEED OIL
A plant oil that is effective in reducing irritation in skin, restore the barrier function and support its hydration
GLUCONOLACTONE
A polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that helps shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. Is believed to be genter than AHAs. It helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and can stimulate production of skin's own hyaluronic acid resulting in improved hydration levels. It has been shown to be helpful against acne and clogged pores if used consistently (e.g over a period of 12 weeks) in high enough concentration. It can help reduce fine lines and wrinkles and improve skin tone with long-term application. Can help neutralize free radicals
HYDROLYZED SOY PROTEIN
Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Might have some anti-aging, anti-oxidant, and skin lightening properties, but solid evidence is missing
ORYZANOL
An anti-oxidant that helps stabilize product formulations. Might help neutralise free radicals in skin
HYDROLYZED RICE PROTEIN
Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Might have some anti-oxidant properties
ZINGIBER OFFICINALE ROOT EXTRACT
A plant extract that can contain an irritating essential oil. Might have some anti-oxidant effect, but evidence is lacking
COFFEA ARABICA SEED EXTRACT
Might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals in skin
GELIDIELLA ACEROSA EXTRACT
An algae extract that can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and have some anti-oxidant properties
MANGIFERA INDICA SEED BUTTER
Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and might have some anti-oxidant effect
ORYZA SATIVA EXTRACT
A grain extract that helps to create a thicker product consistency. It might have some anti-oxidant properties and help attract water to the upper layer of the skin
ARTEMIA EXTRACT
Zooplankton extract that can attract water to the upper level of the skin and might have some anti-oxidant effect
ZINC GLUCONATE
Typically used to stabilize the product formulations. It is a salt of a polyhydroxy acid (PHA) and in larger concentrations, can help shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. It can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Might to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Could be helpful in neutralizing free radicals, but solid research is missing. Due to the zinc content, might help calm down inflammation in skin
COPPER GLUCONATE
Typically used to stabilize the product formulations. It is a salt of polyhydroxy acid (PHA) and in larger concentrations, can help shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. It can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Might to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Could be helpful in neutralizing free radicals, but solid research is missing
MALTOBIONIC ACID
A polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that helps shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. Is genter than AHAs. In addition, it helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. It has been shown to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Might help reduce fine lines and wrinkles and improve skin tone with long-term application. Can help neutralize free radicals
ROSA CANINA SEED OIL
A plant oil that helps soften the upper layer of the skin. It might have anti-oxidant properties. Might help reduce inflammation in skin and help against blemishes
ILEX PARAGUARIENSIS LEAF EXTRACT
A plant extract that can help neutralize free radicals in skin. Can contain fragrand compounds like linalool that can be irritating
STEVIA REBAUDIANA EXTRACT
A plant extract that adds a sweat taste to products (for example, for lip products). Might help to attract water to the upper layer of the skin and have some anti-oxidant effect
PUNICA GRANATUM EXTRACT
A plant extract that can help neutralize free radicals in skin and even out the skin tone, but is typically used in products in a concentration that is too low to be effective
ZINC PCA
A compound that combines zinc with a hydrating ingredient PCA. Might to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Can help calm down inflammation in skin. Could be helpful in reducing the formation of free radicals in skin. Might help to reduce fine lines in wrinkles, but solid evidence is missing
CHRYSIN
Might be helpful in reducing fine lines and wrinkles, as well as lightening the skin, but solid evidence is missing. Could somewhat help in reducing the darkness of the under-eye area. Helps to neutralise free radicals in skin
SODIUM ASCORBYL PHOSPHATE
A stable derivative of vitamin C. It is oil-soluble which means it is more likely to penetrate the skin compared to the pure form of vitamin C (which is water-soluble), but it is less bio-available and is way less effective in stimulating collagen and reducing wrinkles compared to the pure form of vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) and its other derivatives (for example, magnesium ascorbyl phosphate). At the same time, this vitamin C derivative has been shown in studies to be effective in reducing acne, blemishes and clogged pores. It is less irritating then the pure form of vitamin C
SQUALENE
An oil that is naturally part of skin sebum that helps to soften its upper layer, reduce water loss and neutralize free radicals. It might be comedogenic. Avoid applying large concentrations (or pure oil) before sun exposure as oxidized squalene can clog pores and lead to skin irritation. Today squalene is mostly derived from vegetable oils or synthetized by yeast
DUNALIELLA SALINA EXTRACT
A green micro-algae extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin, but solid evidence is lacking. It helps to soften the upper layer of the skin
VACCINIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM FRUIT EXTRACT
A plant extract tha can have anti-oxidant properties, but evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking
ASCORBYL METHYLSILANOL PECTINATE
A stable derivative of pectin and vitamin C. It might help neutralize free radicals in skin, but evidence of effectiveness is lacking. Helps create a thicker product consistency and stabilize the product formulation
ULMUS DAVIDIANA ROOT EXTRACT
A plant root extract that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. It might have an anti-inflammatory effect and could help neturalize free radicals in skin
LACTOBIONIC ACID
A polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that helps shed dead cells from the surface of the skin revealing a smoother, more even skin. PHAs tend to be gentler on the skin compared to AHAs (for example, glycolic acid). It also has hydrating properties and helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. It can help calm down inflammation in skin and support restoration of the barrier function. It has an anti-oxidant effect as well. It can help reduce fine line, wrinkles and improve skin elasticity
DECARBOXY CARNOSINE HCL
Might be able to protect the skin from free radicals, but further evidence of effectiveness is needed
GINKGO BILOBA LEAF EXTRACT
A plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals and reduce inflammation in skin. It can be irritating
EPILOBIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM EXTRACT
A plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals and calm down irritation in skin. However, it can contain compounds that can be irritating themselves
SALIX ALBA BARK EXTRACT
A plant extract that can help neutralize free radicals in skin. It contains a compound salicin that can theoretically be converted into salicylic acid that, in turn, helps reduce inflammation in skin, but the evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking and the extract is usually not used in a concentration that would enable an exfoliating effect
TOCOTRIENOLS
A type of vitamin E that is more powerful in neutralizing free radicals compared to its other forms
SIMMONDSIA CHINENSIS LEAF EXTRACT
A plant extract that might have an antioxidant effect and help attract water to the upper layer of the skin
CHITOSAN
Inhibits acne-causing bacteria on the surface of the skin. Can help to reduce inflammation caused by bacteria. Helps neutralize free radicals in skin. Helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin
PINUS PINASTER BARK EXTRACT
A plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals and reduce hyperpigmentation, but evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking
LONICERA JAPONICA FLOWER EXTRACT
A plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin. Can contain volalite oils and be irritating
LONICERA CAPRIFOLIUM FLOWER EXTRACT
A plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin. Can contain volalite oils and be irritating
SELAGINELLA LEPIDOPHYLLA EXTRACT
A plant extract that might be able to attract water to the upper layer of the skin, soften it and have some antioxidant effect, but evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking
CARNOSINE
A type of peptide. It attracts water to the upper layer of the skin. It can help neutralize free radicals in skin combatting the sun damage
LEONTOPODIUM ALPINUM CALLUS CULTURE EXTRACT
A plant stem cell extract that might help neutralize free radicals and reduce inflammation in skin
OENOTHERA BIENNIS SEED
A plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant properties but evidence is lacking
VACCINIUM MACROCARPON SEED OIL
A plant oil that can help neutralize free radicals, soften the upper layer of the skin, and support skin's barrier function
LYCOPENE
Helps neutralize free radicals in skin combating sun damage. Adds a red color to the product
EUTERPE OLERACEA FRUIT OIL
A plant oil that might help neutralize free radicals, but evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking
DAUCUS CAROTA SATIVA SEED OIL
A plant oil that might help neutralize free radicals and have an anti-bacterial effect
HYDROXYDECYL UBIQUINONE
An analogue of coenzyme Q10 that has a lower molecular weight, which can improve its ability to penetrate the skin. It helps neutralize free radicals in skin, improves skin hydration and might be helpful agains fine lines and wrinkles. It can be an allergen
LYCIUM BARBARUM FRUIT EXTRACT
A plant extract that can help neutralize free radicals in skin and attract water to its upper layer
ROSMARINUS OFFICINALIS LEAF OIL
A plant oil with high content of volatile compounds that can irritate the skin. Can be used as a fragrance. Has anti-bacterial properties and might help neutralize free radicals on the surface of the skin
RESVERATROL
Helps neutralize free radicals in skin and might help reduce fine lines and wrinkles, as well as even out the skin tone
SHOREA ROBUSTA SEED BUTTER
Helps to softent the upper layer of the skin
BUDDLEJA OFFICINALIS FLOWER EXTRACT
A plant flower extract that might help calm down inflammation in skin and neutralize free radicals, but evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking
HYDRANGEA ARBORESCENS ROOT EXTRACT
Plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals, but evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking
SCENEDESMUS RUBESCENS EXTRACT
A micro-algae extract that might help attract water to the upper layer of the skin, support its barrier function, amd might help neutralize free radicals, but evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking
TARAXACUM OFFICINALE EXTRACT
A plant extract that might have anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, but evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking. Can be an allergen
HYDROLYZED GINSENG SAPONINS
Plant extract that might help calm down inflammation in skin and neutralize free radicals, but effectiveness of topical application is not confirmed. Can be an allergen
ENANTIA CHLORANTHA BARK EXTRACT
A bark extract that might help clam down inflammation and neutralize free radicals , but evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking
BRASSICA OLERACEA CAPITATA LEAF EXTRACT
Plant extract that might help calm down inflammation and have some anti-oxidant properties
SEA WHIP EXTRACT
Might help neutrlize free radicals, calm down inflammation, and attract water to the upper layer of the skin
MELILOTUS OFFICINALIS EXTRACT
A plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant properties. Can be used as a fragrance and can be irritating
LACTOCOCCUS FERMENT LYSATE
Consists of remains of dead bacteria cells. Is likely helpful in attracting water to the upper layer of the skin. Might be helpful in reducing inflammation and neutralizing free radicals in skin
GLUCONIC ACID
A polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that helps shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. Is believed to be genter than AHAs. It helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and can stimulate production of skin's own hyaluronic acid resulting in imporved hydration levels. It has been shown to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Might help reduce fine lines and wrinkles and improve skin tone with long-term application. Can help neutralize free radicals
ASPALATHUS LINEARIS LEAF EXTRACT
Plant extract that might have help to neutralize free radicals in skin, but evidence of effectiveness is skin is lacking
BUTYROSPERMUM PARKII BUTTER UNSAPONIFIABLES
A great moisturizing ingredient that softens the skin and reduces water loss from its upper layer. It also can be helpful in protecting skin from free radicals
TREMELLA FUCIFORMIS SPOROCARP EXTRACT
Mushroom extract that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin
CERATONIA SILIQUA FRUIT EXTRACT
Plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin and even out skin tone, but evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking
RICE FERMENT FILTRATE
Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Might have some anti-oxidant properties
ASTAXANTHIN
Helps neutralize free radicals in skin and might help to calm down inflammation
GALACTOMYCES FERMENT FILTRATE
A yeast ferment filtrate (also known as Pitera - a trademarked name for the filtrate reserved by the SK-II brand). It helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin, can help neutralize antioxidants and can be helpful in evening out the skin tone. It might be somewhat helpful in preventing premature skin aging but solid evidence is lacking. A small manufacturer study also shows that, when used in high concentrations, it can help reduce sebum production and help against blocked pores
ZANTHOXYLUM PIPERITUM FRUIT EXTRACT
Plant extract that has some anti-oxidant properties. It can be irritating. Can be used to improve the product's smell
LACTOBACILLUS/RICE FERMENT FILTRATE
A fermentation product created by bacteria Lactobacillus out of rice. The fermented product helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. It has anti-bacterial properties and might be helpful in calming down inflammation, but studies are lacking
MORUS ALBA BARK EXTRACT
A plant extract that might have anti-oxidant properties and help even out skin tone, but solid evidence is lacking
VISCUM ALBUM LEAF EXTRACT
A plant extract that has anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial properties and might help neutralize free radicals in skin, but solid research is lacking
PERILLA OCYMOIDES SEED EXTRACT
A plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin but solid research is lacking. Contains a number of volatile compounds and can be irritating
PERILLA OCYMOIDES SEED OIL
A plant extract that works as an emollient. It might help neutralize free radicals in skin but solid research is lacking. Contains some volatile compounds and could be irritating
PERILLA OCYMOIDES LEAF EXTRACT
A plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin but solid research is lacking. Contains a number of volatile compounds and could be irritating
LACTOBACILLUS/ARUNDINARIA GIGANTEA LEAF FERMENT FILTRATE
Fermented bamboo. Is used to create a nice product texture. Might have some antioxidant effect
POLYGONUM BISTORTA ROOT EXTRACT
A plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant properties and is claimed by its manufacturer to be able to decrease lines and wrinkles but evidence is lacking
CARDIOSPERMUM HALICACABUM FLOWER/LEAF/VINE EXTRACT
A plant extract that might have some anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties but evidence is missing
EPILOBIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM FLOWER/LEAF/STEM EXTRACT
A plant extract that might contain antioxidants
APHANIZOMENON FLOS-AQUAE EXTRACT
An extract from ablue-green algae. Can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might help to neutralize free radicals
3-GLYCERYL ASCORBATE
A moisturizing vitamin C derivative. It is considered to be one of the most stable ones. It is effective in neutralizing free radicals and can help to even out the skin tone if used in high enough concentration
3-O-ETHYL ASCORBIC ACID
A vitamin C derivative that is more stable but less potent than pure form of vitamin C. Can help neutralize free radicals and help reduce hyperpigmentation, but the required concentration is likely to be much higher than for the pure form of vitamin C, limiting the ingredient's effectiveness in products
ACTINIDIA CHINENSIS FRUIT EXTRACT
A plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant properties, but evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking
ASCOPHYLLUM NODOSUM EXTRACT
Brown seaweed extract. Can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have some antioxidant effect
ASPARAGOPSIS ARMATA EXTRACT
Red seaweed extract. Can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have some antioxidant effect
CORALLINA OFFICINALIS EXTRACT
Red algae extract that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might contain antioxidants
ECHINACEA ANGUSTIFOLIA EXTRACT
Plant extract that might contain antioxidants, have antibacterial effect and help reduce inflammation, but solid evidence is lacking. Can be irritating
HAEMATOCOCCUS PLUVIALIS EXTRACT
Green algae extract that might contain antioxidant astaxanthin
HESPERIDIN METHYL CHALCONE
Might help neutralize free radicals in skin. Is claimed to be able to improve the appearance of undereye darkness but evidence is missing. Can be an allergen and cause irritation
PORTULACA OLERACEA EXTRACT
A plant extract that has some anti-oxidant activity, but solid research is lacking. Can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin
SAMBUCUS NIGRA FLOWER EXTRACT
A plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin
TAMARINDUS INDICA EXTRACT
A plant extract that might have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect in skin but solid evidence is lacking
UNDARIA PINNATIFIDA EXTRACT
A seaweed extract that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have an anti-oxidant effect
HYDROLYZED PRUNUS DOMESTICA
A plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant properties
PRUNUS MUME FRUIT EXTRACT
A plant extract that might have an anti-oxidant effect and help even out skin tone, but solid evidence of effectiveness is lacking
PALMARIA PALMATA EXTRACT
Red algae extract that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin
PROPOLIS EXTRACT
A complex substance produced by honey bees. Can have anti-bacterial and some anti-oxidant effect. Is an allergen and can be irritating
RUBUS IDAEUS SEED OIL
A plant oil that might be able to help neutralize free radicals in skin
MADECASSOSIDE
An antioxidant that is typically derived from plant Centella Asiatica. It can help neutralize free radicals in skin and support skin barrier function. It could, however, itself be irritating. It is often unstable in formulations
BAKUCHIOL
A plant extract that is, though different in chemical structure, acts similar to retinoids. First studies show that it can help reduce fine lines and wrinkles, improve skin tone, reduce clogged pores and blemishes, and reduce inflammation. There is no conclusive evidence that bakuchiol is as effective as retinol however. The study that directly compared retinol with bakuchiol used bakuchiol applied twice daily compared to once per day for the retinol. According to this study, bakuchiol is less irritating than retinol. Bakuchiol is extracted from seeds of Babchi plant. Other parts of the plant contain coumarins that could cause allergic and irritant reactions. These compounds should be removed in the extraction process when bakuchiol is produced, but it is a good idea to be cautious and stay away from products that include the Babchi plant extracts other than purified bakuchiol to avoid irritation
YEAST EXTRACT
Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have some anti-oxidant and skin lightening properties. It can help calm down inflammation in skin
HEXYLRESORCINOL
Might be helpful in reducing hyperpigmentation and neutralizing free radicals in skin
AZELAIC ACID
Is produced by a yeast that lives on normal human skin. It is used in medicine as a topical treatment for mild to moderate acne. It has a mild exfoliating effect. It can also help reduce hyperpigmentation, helps calm down inflammation and can help neutralize free radicals
CANNABIDIOL - DERIVED FROM EXTRACT OR TINCTURE OR RESIN OF CANNABIS
CBD. Can bind to skin cell receptors and can reduce inflammation, itching, and help support skin barrier function
CANNABIDIOL - SYNTHETICALLY PRODUCED
CBD. Can bind to skin cell receptors and can reduce inflammation, itching, and help support skin barrier function
KOJIC ACID
Helps to reduce hyperpigmentation and neutralize free radicals. Can be irritating
RETINYL LINOLEATE
An ester of a retinoid and linoleic acid. Three steps removed from the bioactive form of retinoid, retinoic acid. Once converted to retinoic acid in skin, it can help reduce wrinkles, stimulate collagen production, even out skin tone and reduce blemishes. The concentrations used in cosmetic products are often not high enough to have a positive effect in skin.
ARGININE PCA
An amino-acid. Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and can help neutralize free radicals in skin
CASSIA ALATA LEAF EXTRACT
Might have some anti-oxidant properties. Can be used as a fragrance. Can be irritating
ECHINACEA PURPUREA EXTRACT
Plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant properties. Can be irritating
ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM EXTRACT
Plant extract that can help neutralize free radicals in skin. Can be used as a fragrance. Can be irritating
AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM SEED EXTRACT
Plant extract. Might have some anti-oxidant properties. Can be irritating
ARCTIUM LAPPA ROOT EXTRACT
Plant extract. Has some anti-microbial and anti-oxidant properties. Can be irritating
HYDROLYZED OPUNTIA FICUS-INDICA FLOWER EXTRACT
A plant extract. Can help attract water the upper layer of the skin and might have some anti-oxidant properties
SCHISANDRA CHINENSIS FRUIT EXTRACT
A berry extract that might help neutralize free radicals on the surface of the skin
ANGELICA KEISKEI LEAF/STEM EXTRACT
A fragrant plant extract. Might have some anti-oxidant properties. Can be irritating
NARCISSUS TAZETTA BULB EXTRACT
Might contain compounds called dormins that in theory could help lighten skin and reduce hyperpigmentation, but solid research is lacking
PYRUS MALUS FRUIT EXTRACT
Can have some moisturizing properties due to its sugar content
GLYCYRRHIZA INFLATA ROOT EXTRACT
A plant extract that can help lighten the skin and calm down inflammation. Might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals
NARINGENIN
A flavanoid that can be found in high concentrations in grapefruits, oranges, other citrus fruits, and tomato skin. Early studies suggest that it might be able to help reduce inflammation in skin and neutralize free radicals
MICHELIA ALBA FLOWER OIL
A plant essential oil. Used as a fragrance. Can be irritating
ASIATICOSIDE
An active compound of Centella Asiatica plant extract. In combination with other active compounds of Centella Asiatica extract (madecasosside, asiatic acid and madecassic acid), asiaticoside has been shown to be helpful in wound-healing, restoring skin barrier function and supporting collagen production in skin. It can, however, itself be irritating
ADENOSINE
Might help improve cell turnover and reduce inflammation in skin. One study shows that the ingredients might be able to stimulate collagen production in skin
SPIRAEA ULMARIA FLOWER EXTRACT
Might have some anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Can be irritating
CAMELLIA SEED OIL
Oil from tea seeds. Can help neutralize free radicals in skin
SCUTELLARIA BAICALENSIS ROOT EXTRACT
A plant extract that might contain a compound baicalin that could be helpful in neutralizing free radicals and reducing inflammation in skin. The baicalin concentration in skincare products is often too low for an effective action. Can be used for its fragrant properties
HYDROXYDECYL UBIQUINOYL DIPALMITOYL GLYCERATE
Idebenone complex. Helps neutralize free radicals in skin
OENOTHERA BIENNIS OIL
Helps soften the upper layer of the skin and can support skin barrier function
TOCOPHERYL LINOLEATE
A relative of vitamin E (Tocopherol). It can have an anti-oxidant effect in skin and/or to stabilize the product fromulation. It could be irritating but most of the reported allergy and irritation cases appeared in one geographic location (Switzerland) in 1992, and might be due to the quality issues in manufacturing of a particular batch of the ingredient
CURCUMA LONGA RHIZOME EXTRACT
A plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant properties but there is no evidence of effectiveness in skin
PIMPINELLA ANISUM FRUIT EXTRACT
A plant extract that can have some anti-oxidant properties. Can be used as a fragrance and to help preserve product formulations. Can be irritating
PHLORETIN
An antioxidant. Can help neutralize free radicals in skin
CAMELLIA SINENSIS EXTRACT
Tea extract. Might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals in skin
JUNIPERUS COMMUNIS FRUIT EXTRACT
Berry extract that might have some anti-oxidant effect
BACKHOUSIA CITRIODORA LEAF EXTRACT
A plant extract used mostly as a fragrance. Can have some anti-microbial and anti-oxidant properties
CAMELLIA OLEIFERA LEAF EXTRACT
A plant extract that can help neutralize free radicals and reduce inflammation, even though it is not usually used in sufficient concentration in cosmetics
CYNARA SCOLYMUS LEAF EXTRACT
A plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant properties. It might be irritating
CEREUS GRANDIFLORUS FLOWER EXTRACT
A cactus extract that can help neutralize free radicals because it contains a chemical compound called betacyanins and flavonolglycosides. Can help make the surface of the skin dryer helping make pores look smaller for a very short period of time. The concentrations usually used in cosmetics are too small to have any effect
FICUS CARICA FRUIT EXTRACT
A plant extract that can help neutralize free radicals. The concentrations typically used in cosmetics are too small to have an effect
HOVENIA DULCIS FRUIT EXTRACT
A plant extract
MALPIGHIA PUNICIFOLIA FRUIT EXTRACT
A fruit extract that might help neutralize free radicals. The concentrations typically used in cosmetics are too small to have an effect
CAMELLIA SINENSIS LEAF WATER
Green tea leaf water. Might have some minimal anti-oxidant effect
LUFFA CYLINDRICA FRUIT EXTRACT
A fruit extract that might be somewhat helpful in neutrlizing free radicals
HIBISCUS ESCULENTUS FRUIT EXTRACT
A plant extract that might help to neutralize free radicals. It can be irritating
CALENDULA OFFICINALIS FLOWER OIL
A plant oil that might have an antibacterial and some antioxidant effect. Is a common allergen and irritant
EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATYL GLUCOSIDE
A synthetic version of green tea polyphenol that helps neutralize free radicals in skin
MELIA AZADIRACHTA FLOWER EXTRACT
A plant extract that might be helpful to neutralize free radicals in skin
HIPPOPHAE RHAMNOIDES FRUIT OIL
A plant oil that might somewhat help to neutralize free radicals. It could be irritating
COENOCHLORIS SIGNIENSIS EXTRACT
An algae extract that might help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and neutralize free radicals
MORINGA OLEIFERA SEED EXTRACT
Helps soften the upper layer of the skin and might have some antioxidant effect
ERIOBOTRYA JAPONICA LEAF EXTRACT
Plant extract that might be somewhat helpful in neutralizing free radicals in skin
CHLORELLA PYRENOIDOSA EXTRACT
An algae extract. Can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might help neutralize free radicals in skin
RUTIN
An antioxidant that might help neutralize free radicals in skin
PHASEOLUS LUNATUS SEED EXTRACT
Bean seed extract. It might have some anti-oxidant properties
OCIMUM SANCTUM LEAF EXTRACT
A plant extract that is rich in a fragrance compound eugenol that is a frequent allergen and can be irritating. It might also contain anti-oxidants to help neutralize free radicals
ALOE BARBADENSIS FLOWER EXTRACT
A plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant effect
SOLANUM MELONGENA FRUIT EXTRACT
Eggplant fruit extract. Might have some anti-oxidant effect
COCCINIA INDICA FRUIT EXTRACT
A plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant effect helping neutralize free radicals in skin
ALBIZIA JULIBRISSIN BARK EXTRACT
A plant extract that might help to neutralize free radicals in skin. Is claimed to help reduce hyperpigmentation but evidence is missing
ALBIZIA JULIBRISSIN BARK/SEED EXTRACT
A plant extract that might help to neutralize free radicals in skin. Is claimed to help reduce hyperpigmentation but evidence is missing
ALBIZIA JULIBRISSIN BRANCH/LEAF EXTRACT
A plant extract that might help to neutralize free radicals in skin. Is claimed to help reduce hyperpigmentation but evidence is missing
ALBIZIA JULIBRISSIN FLOWER EXTRACT
A plant extract that might help to neutralize free radicals in skin. Is claimed to help reduce hyperpigmentation but evidence is missing
ALBIZIA JULIBRISSIN SEED EXTRACT
A plant extract that might help to neutralize free radicals in skin. Is claimed to help reduce hyperpigmentation but evidence is missing
ARTEMISIA VULGARIS EXTRACT
A plant extract that might have some anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. It can be irritating
DIMETHYLMETHOXY CHROMANOL
Can help neutralize free radicals in skin
COLLOIDAL GOLD/CAMELLIA SINENSIS LEAF POWDER
Might provide some anti-oxidant benefits and help attract water to the upper layer of the skin
TOCOPHERYL GLUCOSIDE
Antioxidant that helps stabilize product formulations and, if used in higher concentration, might help neutralize free radicals in skin
MEDICAGO SATIVA SEED POWDER
Might help soften the upper layer of the skin and help thicken the product formulation. It might have some anti-oxidant effect
PANCRATIUM MARITIMUM EXTRACT
A plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin. It might help reduce hyperpigmentation
ANOGEISSUS LEIOCARPUS BARK EXTRACT
A tree bark extract that has antibacterial properties and might have an anti-oxidant effect. Its effectiveness in skin has not been studied
VACCINIUM MYRTILLUS FRUIT EXTRACT
A plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin, but research on its efficacy in skin is lacking
EMBLICA OFFICINALIS FRUIT EXTRACT
A plant extract that might be helping in neutralizing free radicals in skin. It could help reduce hyperpigmentation. There is some research to confirm its effectiveness in skin
RUBUS IDAEUS FRUIT EXTRACT
A plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin, bu research on its effectiveness is lacking
RUBUS FRUTICOSUS FRUIT EXTRACT
A plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin
MALPIGHIA GLABRA FRUIT EXTRACT
A plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin, but research on its effectiveness is lacking
HIPPOPHAE RHAMNOIDES FRUIT EXTRACT
A plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin, but research on its effectiveness is lacking
FRAGARIA VESCA FRUIT EXTRACT
A plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin, but research on its effectiveness is lacking
MYRCIARIA DUBIA FRUIT EXTRACT
A plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin, but research on its effectiveness is lacking
OPHIOPOGON JAPONICUS ROOT EXTRACT
Plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals and support skin barrier function, but research on its effectiveness in skin is lacking
ACACIA DECURRENS FLOWER EXTRACT
A plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant benefits but research on effectiveness in skin is lacking
CALENDULA OFFICINALIS EXTRACT
A plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin
PEARL POWDER
Consists of 95% calcium carbonate that does not have any effect on the skin. The remaining 5% can include compounds that can help neutralize free radicals and support skin barrier function
PAEONIA LACTIFLORA ROOT EXTRACT
A plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals and reduce hyperpigmentation, but the research on its effectiveness in skin is lacking
SACCHAROMYCES/BARLEY SEED FERMENT FILTRATE
A yeast extract that can help neutralize free radicals in skin and can help attract water to its upper layers
HORDEUM VULGARE SEED EXTRACT
A grain extract. It might contain compounds that help neutralize free radicals in skin
CAMELLIA JAPONICA LEAF EXTRACT
A plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin
OPUNTIA COCCINELLIFERA FRUIT EXTRACT
A plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin
SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE
An antioxidant enzyme that is naturally present in skin. It can help support skin barrier function and reduce inflammation in skin. It is used in topical medications for inflammatory skin conditions including atopic dermatitis (eczema) and psoriasis. There are three types of natural Superoxide Dismutase in human skin. The compound used in topical treatments and cosmetics are mimics of typically one of these natural variants
CAMELLIA SINENSIS CATECHINS
A group of chemical compounds extracted from Green Tea. They can help neutralize free radicals in skin. Might be able to help repair sun damage and clam down inflammation in skin
GLUTATHIONE
A peptide that can help neutralize free radicals in skin and reduce melanin production resulting in skin lightening effect and reduction in hyperpigmentation. It can also help attract moisture to the upper layer of the skin
PLEIOGYNIUM TIMORIENSE FRUIT EXTRACT
A fruit extract that might help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and have some anti-oxidant effect, but evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking
PODOCARPUS ELATUS FRUIT EXTRACT
A fruit extract that might help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have some antioxidant properties but evidence of effectiveness in skin is missing
VITEX AGNUS-CASTUS EXTRACT
A plant extract that might have some antioxidant properties but evidence of effectiveness in skin is missing
TARTARIC ACID
An AHA (alpha-hydroxy acid). It oxidizes quickly which makes it less effective in skincare formulations. It can support skin's barrier and moisture levels
CUCUMIS MELO CANTALUPENSIS FRUIT EXTRACT
A fruit extract that might help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have some antioxidant properties but evidence of effectiveness in skin is missing
CAMELLIA SINENSIS SEED OIL
A plant oil that helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and can help restore the skin barrier. Might have some anti-oxidant effect
PYRIDOXINE
Might help neutralize free radicals in skin, but evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking. It might be irritating
PUNICA GRANATUM FRUIT JUICE
A fruit juice. Might have some anti-oxidant properties but is unlikely to have any benefit when used in skincare
ROSA ROXBURGHII FRUIT EXTRACT
A fruit extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin, but evidence of effectiveness is missing
PORPHYRA YEZOENSIS EXTRACT
Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have some anti-oxidant properties
CUCUMIS MELO FRUIT EXTRACT
A fruit extract that might have some anti-oxidant properties
HYDROLYZED GARDENIA FLORIDA EXTRACT
Used as a fragrance. Might have some anti-oxidant properties
RUBUS IDAEUS LEAF EXTRACT
A plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant properties but evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking
RIBES NIGRUM LEAF EXTRACT
A plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant properties but evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking
ISOQUERCITRIN
Antioxidant that might help reduce free radicals and reduce melanin production, but more research is needed to understand if it is effective in skin
ESCIN
A compound obtained from horse chestnut. It is claimed that this chemical can improve circulation, but there is no evidence available that it works in skin
HYPERICUM PERFORATUM FLOWER/LEAF/STEM EXTRACT
A plant extract (perforate St John's-wort) that might have some anti-oxidant effect. Can be used as a fragrance and be irritating
CHAMOMILLA RECUTITA FLOWER/LEAF/STEM EXTRACT
A plant extract. Can be used as a fragrance. Contains multiple chemical compounds, some of which are frequent irritants and allergens
HYDROXYMETHOXYPHENYL DECANONE
An anti-oxidant. It might be able to neutralize free radicals in skin. The manufacturer claims that it is able to stimulate synthesis of hyaluronic acid in skin, but there is no evidence of effectiveness of this ingredient so far
CYSTEINE
Might help neutralize free radicals in skin and might be helpful against hyperpigmentation
KAPPAPHYCUS ALVAREZII EXTRACT
A red algae extract that can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have some antioxidant properties
PSEUDOZYMA EPICOLA/CAMELLIA SINENSIS SEED OIL/GLUCOSE/MALT EXTRACT/SOYBEAN FLOUR/YEAST EXTRACT FERMENT FILTRATE
Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might help neutralize free radicals
FUCOXANTHIN
Can have an antioxidant effect in skin
CURCUMA LONGA LEAF EXTRACT
A plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant effect
HUMAN ADIPOSE DERIVED STEM CELL CONDITIONED MEDIA
A stem cell extract. There is no evidence that it is effective when applied topically to the skin
LACTOBACILLUS FERMENT
A fermentation product created by bacteria Lactobacillus. The fermented product has anti-bacterial properties and might be helpful in calming down inflammation, but studies are lacking. Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Can be used as a preservative
ASCORBIC ACID POLYPEPTIDE
A type of peptide. Might help neutralize free radicals in skin. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
VACCINIUM MACROCARPON FRUIT EXTRACT
A berry extract. Might have some anti-oxidant properties
PORPHYRIDIUM CRUENTUM EXTRACT
A red algae extract. Can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have an antioxidant effect
PRUNUS PERSICA FRUIT EXTRACT
A fruit extact. Might have some anti-oxidant properties
BIS (CYANO BUTYLACETATE) ANTHRACENEDIYLIDENE
The manufacturer of this ingredients claims that it can the formation of free radicals in skin generated by "nearly any kind of light" (including visible), but there is no studies to confirm this claim
CARYODENDRON ORINOCENSE SEED OIL
A plant oil with a high content of linoleic acid that helps soften the upper layer of the skin and helps strengthen the skin barrier. It is an excellent moisturizer. Might have an anti-oxidant effect
CANNABIS SATIVA STEM POWDER
Powdered hemp. The concentration of active ingredients in it is unknown and it is unlikely to provide a particular benefit to the skin
ASPERGILLUS FERMENT
An extract from fungus (mold) that typically appears on rice. It can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin, might help neutralize free radicals and possibly somewhat reduce hyperpigmentation
ESCULIN
A coumarin glucoside often extracted from chestnut. It can help neutralize free radicals in skin and in theory could help strengthen capillaries, but there is no research to confirm its effectiveness in skin
SALVIA MILTIORRHIZA ROOT EXTRACT
An aromatic plant root extract with a mint-like smell. Can be irritating. Used as a fragrance. Might have some anti-oxidant effect
ZANTHOXYLUM BUNGEANUM FRUIT EXTRACT
Pepper extract. Might help neutralize free radicals in skin
CURCUMA LONGA ROOT
A plant extract that might have some antioxidant effect. Can be irritating
CUCURBITA PEPO
A plant extract. Might have some anti-oxidant effect
ECLIPTA PROSTRATA LEAF EXTRACT
A plant extract that is mostly used as a fragrance. Might have some anti-oxidant effect
PUNICA GRANATUM FRUIT EXTRACT
A fruit extract that is used to add a fragrance to the product. It might have some antioxidant properties
ANNONA CHERIMOLA FRUIT EXTRACT
A fruit extract that might have an anti-oxidant effect in skin
N-NICOTINOYL DOPAMINE
A niacinamide derivative. It is less effective than niacinamide against hyperpigmentation, but can have an anti-oxidant effect in skin
RUBUS IDAEUS EXTRACT
Mostly used as a fragrance. Might have some anti-oxidant effect
POLYGONUM AVICULARE EXTRACT
A plant extract that contains a flavanol Juglanin. It can help neutralize free radicals in skin and reduce inflammation
IMPERATA CYLINDRICA ROOT EXTRACT
A plat extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin and attract water to its upper layer
BOERHAVIA DIFFUSA ROOT EXTRACT
A plant extract that might help reduce inflammation and neutralize free radicals
CRYPTOMERIA JAPONICA LEAF EXTRACT
A plant extract that might have antioxidant effect in skin
ASCORBYL TETRAISOPALMITATE
A vitamin C derivative. Studies show that is might be effective in reducing hyperpigmentation, but there are no studies confirming that it is effectively converted into the bioavailable form of Vitamin C in skin. It is not clear how this derivative compares in effectiveness to the topical application of bioavailable form of vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid)
VITIS VINIFERA OIL
A great emollient that can also have anti-oxidant properties
MALVA SYLVESTRIS LEAF EXTRACT
A plant extract that might help in reducing inflammation
CAMELLIA JAPONICA FLOWER EXTRACT
A plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin
ECLIPTA PROSTRATA EXTRACT
A plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin. It can be irritating
CENTAUREA CYANUS FLOWER EXTRACT
A plant extract that might have antibacterial effect and help neutralize free radicals
ALTHAEA OFFICINALIS ROOT EXTRACT
A plant extract that can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might help to reduce inflammation
VACCINIUM CORYMBOSUM SEED OIL
Helps soften the upper layer of the skin, support the skin's barrier function and might help neutralize free radicals
Tretinoin
Bioavailable form of Vitamin A that is the most effective known topical ingredients for reducing wrinkles, improving skin firmness, treating acne, as well as hyperpigmentation. It is not available over-the counter in many countries, including US and UK
PENTAPEPTIDE-34 TRIFLUOROACETATE
A type of peptide that works as a great moisturizer. It might also have some anti-aging effect and help neutralize free radicals in skin
GARCINIA MANGOSTANA FRUIT EXTRACT
A fruit extract that might have some anti-oxidant properties
PANAX GINSENG EXTRACT
A plant extract that might have anti-oxidant properties. Can be irritating
LAVANDULA OFFICINALIS FLOWER OIL
Am essential oil that is used as a fragrance
MALUS DOMESTICA FRUIT EXTRACT
Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin
ARGANIA SPINOSA SPROUT CELL EXTRACT
Plant stem cell extract. Can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals
UBIDECARENONE
A less bioavailable form of coQ10 (compared to ubiquinone)
LITHOSPERMUM ERYTHRORHIZON ROOT EXTRACT
A plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin. Can be used for its fragrance
COPTIS JAPONICA ROOT EXTRACT
A plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant properties
COPTIS CHINENSIS ROOT EXTRACT
A plant extract that might have antioxidant properties
CROTON LECHLERI RESIN EXTRACT
A plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant properties
ANEMARRHENA ASPHODELOIDES ROOT EXTRACT
A plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant properties
ACETYL ZINGERONE
Helps neutralize free radicals
PLANTAGO LANCEOLATA LEAF EXTRACT
A plant extract that might have anti-oxidant properties
ACANTHOPANAX SENTICOSUS ROOT EXTRACT
A plant extract that might have antioxidant properties
CARAPA GUAIANENSIS SEED OIL
A plant oil that contains limonoids. Might help neutralize free radicals in skin. Can be irritating
ROSMARINYL GLUCOSIDE
Helps neutralize free radicals in skin and might help to reduce inflammation
ARBUTIN
Beta-arbutin. Can help to reduce hyperpigmentation and has an anti-oxidant effect when used in high enough concentration. Is less effective compared to alpha-arbutin
HYDROLYZED VITIS LABRUSCA SKIN EXTRACT
An extract from grape skin. Might help neutralize free radicals in skin
CAMELLIA JAPONICA SEED EXTRACT
A plant extract that might have anti-oxidant properties
MALVA SYLVESTRIS FLOWER EXTRACT
Used as a fragrance
COMBRETUM MICRANTHUM LEAF EXTRACT
A plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant properties
ACETYL TYROSINAMIDE
An amino acid derivative. A manufacturer's study shows that it can help somewhat reduce wrinkles when used in combination with a low concentration of glycolic acid. No independent human in-vivo studies of this compound are available
ARISTOTELIA CHILENSIS FRUIT EXTRACT
A plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant properties. Can be used as a fragrance
PERILLA FRUTESCENS LEAF EXTRACT
Used as a fragrance for its mint-like smell
SCUTELLARIA BAICALENSIS EXTRACT
A plant extract that might contain a compound baicalin that could be helpful in neutralizing free radicals and reducing inflammation in skin. The baicalin concentration in skincare typically too low. Can be used for its fragrant properties
PYRUS MALUS SEED EXTRACT
Apple seed extract. Might help neutralize free radicals in skin
ROSE FLOWER OIL
Flower oil that is used as a fragrance
PYRIDOXINE HCL
Might help neutralize free radicals in skin
TARAXACUM OFFICINALE ROOT EXTRACT
A plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin. Can be irritating
GARDENIA JASMINOIDES MERISTEM CELL CULTURE
A stem cell extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin
EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATE
A polyphenol found in tea. This particular compound abbreviated EGCG is the most powerful antioxidant among those extracted from tea (usually green tea). Unfortunately, EGCG is unstable, requires a low pH (below 4) to prevent quick degradation, and does not penetrate the skin very well. This is why the full anti-oxidant effect of EGCG is typically not realized when it is added to topical skincare
CORNUS OFFICINALIS FRUIT EXTRACT
A plant extract that contains anti-oxidants. It might help to neutralize free radicals in skin. Can be used to help preserve the product formulation
NYMPHAEA ALBA ROOT EXTRACT
A plant root extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin
RESVERATROL DIMETHYL ETHER
A more stable derivative of anti-oxidant resveratrol. There is not enough research to confirm its efficacy in skin
SPIRULINA PLATENSIS EXTRACT
An algae extract. Might help to attract water to the upper layer of the skin and have an anti-oxidant effect
CAESALPINIA SPINOSA FRUIT POD EXTRACT
A plant extract with antioxidant effect. Is often added to skincare to boost SPF
SYMPHYTUM OFFICINALE ROOT EXTRACT
A plant extract that might be able to help decrease inflammation in skin and have an anti-oxidant effect
ACETYL GLUCOSAMINE
An effective moisturizing ingredient that also has been shown to be effective in evening out the skin tone and reducing hyperpigmentation. It can help somewhat reduce wrinkles in skin
AHNFELTIA CONCINNA EXTRACT
An algae extract that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Also used to create a thicker product texture
AHNFELTIOPSIS CONCINNA EXTRACT
Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin
ALGAE EXTRACT
Plant extract that helps the skin to attract water and make it more smooth for touch. Also shows promise of anti-aging properties, but research is not extensive yet
ALLANTOIN
Helps calm down inflammation in skin and can help reduce itching. Helps to repair the skin barrier and keep skin hydrated
ANHYDROXYLITOL
Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and repair the skin barrir function
ARGININE
An amino acid that is naturally present in skin and helps keep it hydrated. When used together with AHAs, it can reduce their irritating effect on the skin
AVENA SATIVA KERNEL EXTRACT
An effective moisturizing and skin barrier repair ingredient. Helps calm down inflammation and has some anti-oxidant properties
BEESWAX
Forms a protective barrier that holds water and keeps dry skin hydrated. Keeps an emulsion from separating into its oil and liquid components, and increases the thickness of a product. Can be an allergen
BETAINE
Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and improves the product texture
BIOSACCHARIDE GUM-1
Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and is claimed to provide a longer-lasting hydration because of its ability to create a water-binding film on the surface of the skin
BUTYROSPERMUM PARKII BUTTER
A great moisturising ingredient that softens the skin and reduces water loss from its upper layer. It also can be helpful in protecting skin from free radicals
BUTYROSPERMUM PARKII BUTTER EXTRACT
A great moisturising ingredient that softens the skin and reduces water loss from its upper layer. It also can be helpful in protecting skin from free radicals
CAMELLIA OLEIFERA SEED OIL
An emollient that does not leave a greasy finish
CAPROOYL TETRAPEPTIDE-3
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS SEED OIL
An emollient that helps soften the skin and might help calm down inflammation
CHLORELLA PROTOTHECOIDES OIL
An emollient. Is unlikely to have additional benefits for the skin
CAPRYLIC/CAPRIC TRIGLYCERIDE
A good mix of fatty acids that forms a protective layer on the skin. Improves the shelf life of products. Derived from coconut and glycerin
CHOLESTEROL
An emollient that is naturally found in skin
CHONDRUS CRISPUS EXTRACT
Red algae extract that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and create a nicer product consistency
COCOS NUCIFERA OIL
An emollient. Found to be as effective as a moisturizer for dry skin as mineral oil. Could be comedogenic
COLLOIDAL OATMEAL
Helps to restore skin barrier function, soften the upper layer of the skin and calm down inflammation
COPERNICIA CERIFERA WAX
Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and create a nice product consistency
DEXTRAN
Helps attract water to the most upper layer of the skin. Derived from sugar
DIGLYCERIN
Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin
DIMETHICONE
A silicone that helps to reduce water loss from the surface of the skin. Can temporarily "fill in" lines and wrinkles, absorb oil, and create a nice product finish
DIMETHICONOL
A silicone that makes products more spreadable and keeps skin smooth. Helps to add gloss to skin and may visually fill in fine lines/wrinkles for short time
GLYCERIN
One of the best moisturizing ingredients. Naturally present in skin. It attracts water to the upper layer of the skin working as a humectant
GLYCINE SOJA OIL
A good emollient that helps soften the skin and helps repair its barrier function
GLYCINE SOJA STEROLS
An emollient that helps soften the skin
HELIANTHUS ANNUUS SEED OIL
A great emollient due to its high linoleic acid content. One of the most effective plant oils in helping skin hydration and repairing skin barrier function
HIPPOPHAE RHAMNOIDES OIL
A good emollient. Contains various ingredients including vitamins and fatty acids that could work in the skin to neutralize free radicals and minimize moisture loss - if enough of these compounds is able to penetrate the skin in an active form.
HYALURONIC ACID
One of the best moisturizing ingredients. Attracts water into the upper layer of the skin. Naturally present in skin. Typically has large molecule size unless advertised otherwise on the product label. Helps support skin's barrier function and may help to reduce inflammation
HYDROLYZED HYALURONIC ACID
One of the best moisturizing ingredients. Attracts water into the upper layer of the skin. A version of it is naturally present in skin
ISOCETYL STEARATE
An emollient that helps soften the skin
ISOPROPYL MYRISTATE
An emollient that helps soften the skin. Could be comedogenic
JOJOBA ESTERS
An emollient made of jojoba oil. Helps soften the skin and support its barrier function
CYCLOMETHICONE
A type of silicone that leaves a nice silky finish on the skin and can help soften its upper layer
LACTIC ACID
An exfoliating and moisturizing alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA). Typically causes less irritation than other AHAs, for example, glycolic acid. At high concentrations (about 15%), lactic acid can help reduce lines and wrinkles. Recent studies show that lactic acid can support the "good" bacteria living on skin's surface (healthy skin microbiom)
LIMNANTHES ALBA SEED OIL
This oil's cmposition is closest to rapeseed oil. It is a very stable oil and serves as an emoillient
LINOLENIC ACID
An emollient that helps soften the skin and calm down inflammation
MYRISTYL MYRISTATE
An emollient. Is not recommended for acne-prone skin as it can be comedogenic
PANTHENOL
Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and can help improve skin barrier function
PARAFFINUM LIQUIDUM
One of the most effective and well studied occlusive and emollient moisturizing ingredients. Helps reduce moisture loss in skin and repair skin barrier function
PASSIFLORA EDULIS SEED OIL
A good emollient helping to soften the skin. Might have some anti-oxidant properties. Adds a fragrance to the product
PEG/PPG-18/18 DIMETHICONE
A silicone that mixes with water creating nice light-weight product texture
PENTAERYTHRITYL TETRACAPRYLATE/TETRACAPRATE
An emollient that helps soften the skin
PERSEA GRATISSIMA OIL
An emollient that helps soften the skin and could be helpful in repairing its barrier function
PETROLATUM
One of the most effective and the most studied occlusive ingredients that creates a protective layer on top of the skin preventing moisture loss
PHYTOSTEROLS
Lipids that work as an emollient and can be helpful in repairing skin barrier function
PHYTOSTERYL/OCTYLDODECYL LAUROYL GLUTAMATE
A mix of amino acids and plant-based lipids. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and reduce water loss over time
PRUNUS ARMENIACA KERNEL OIL
An emollient that helps soften the skin
RIBES NIGRUM SEED OIL
An emollient. Can be helpful for restoring skin barrier function.
ROSA CANINA FRUIT OIL
A great emollient. Contains vitamin E (tocopherol) which may give it some anti-oxidant properties. Can contain volatile compounds and can be irritating
SACCHARIDE ISOMERATE
Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin
SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE EXTRACT
A moisturizing ingredient that works as a humectant to attract water to the upper layer of the skin.
SACCHAROMYCES LYSATE EXTRACT
Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Can have some anti-inflammatory effect
RICINUS COMMUNIS SEED OIL
A plant oil that can help soften the skin. It might be helpful in calming down inflammation, but solid research is lacking. Is often used in lip products to create the needed product consistency
SHOREA ROBUSTA SEED BUTTER
Helps to softent the upper layer of the skin
SIMMONDSIA CHINENSIS SEED OIL
Softens the upper layer of skin and helps restore the healthy skin barrier. Has shown to help calm down inflammation in skin. It is a stable oil, meaning that it retains its properties even when exposed to air.
SODIUM HYALURONATE
One of the best moisturizing ingredients. Attracts water into the upper layer of the skin
SODIUM HYALURONATE CROSSPOLYMER
Attracts water into the upper layer of the skin
SODIUM LACTATE
Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Is often used to adjust the pH level of the product
SODIUM PCA
Naturally present in skin and helps to attract water to its upper layer
SQUALANE
An oil naturally present in skin. Works as an emollient to soften the skin and form a protective layer on its surface without a greasy feeling.
SUCROSE
Can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin. In crystal form, it can work as a gentle exfoliant, gentler than the salt scrub. Helps stabilize the emulsion
THERMUS THERMOPHILLUS FERMENT
Might be helpful in neutralising free radicals in skin and have some hydration properties
TREHALOSE
A sugar that attracts water to the upper layer of the skin
TRITICUM VULGARE GERM OIL
A good emoillient. Contains vitamin E which can help neutralise free radicals, however the oil is unstable. Avoid if you have gluten or wheat sensitivity (including food allergies).
VITIS VINIFERA SEED OIL
A great emollient that can also have anti-oxidant properties
XYLITYLGLUCOSIDE
Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and repair the skin barrier function
YEAST EXTRACT
Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have some anti-oxidant and skin lightening properties. It can help calm down inflammation in skin
DIPOTASSIUM GLYCYRRHIZATE
A salt derived from licorice. Works as an emollient to soften the upper layer of the skin and can help calm down inflammation. Might be helpful for skin lightening
PEG-10 DIMETHICONE
A silicone that works to soften the upper layer of the skin and reduce its water loss
LAMINARIA SACCHARINA EXTRACT
A seaweed extract that contains sugars and can be helpful in attracting water to the upper layers of the skin if used in high enough concentrations
PHENYL TRIMETHICONE
A type of silicone that can decrease loss of moisture from the skin surface. It helps create a nice product texture
LANOLIN
Sebum of wool-bearing animals (most commonly sheep). Helps soften the upper layer of the skin and reduce the skin water loss. In rare cases could be an allergen. Not suitable for vegans
SNAIL SECRETION FILTRATE
Typically contains hyaluronic acid that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Might contain allantoin that is helpful in calming down inflammation. There is no evidence that it can have any further benefits for the skin, especially when used in skincare products
BIFIDA FERMENT LYSATE
Consists of remains of dead yeast bacteria cells. Helps to hydrate the skin and reduce irritation. Might has some anti-oxidant effect
PANTETHINE
Helps to hydrate the skin by improving its barrier funciton
CERA ALBA
Forms a protective barrier that holds water and keeps dry skin hydrated. Keeps an emulsion from separating into its oil and liquid components, and increases the thickness of a product. Can be an allergen
COLLAGEN AMINO ACIDS
Help attract water to the upper layer of the skin, soften it and support the skin barrier function
PARACHLORELLA BEIJERINCKII EXOPOLYSACCHARIDES
Compounds extracted from green algae that could help neutralize free radicals, but evidence of effectiveness in skincare products (topical applicaiton) is missing. Helps moisturize the skin by attracting water to its upper layer
CYLINDROTHECA FUSIFORMIS EXTRACT
Helps skin moisturization by attracting water to the upper layer of the skin. Might have some anti-oxidant properties but research confirming effectiveness in skin is lacking
HYDROLYZED YEAST EXTRACT
Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have some anti-oxidant and skin lightening properties
GLYCINE
Helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin and can help restore the skin barrier function
SODIUM ACETYLATED HYALURONATE
A type of hyaluronic acid that works as an excellent moisturizer by attracting water into the upper layer of the skin. Is typically feels less sticky on the skin compared to the usual hyaluronic acid
HYDROXYPROLINE
Is helpful in restoring skin barrier function supporting its moisture levels. Is claimed to stimulte collagen production in skin but evidence is lacking
PHYTOSTERYL MACADAMIATE
Helps soften the upper layer of the skin
SACCHAROMYCES/COPPER FERMENT
Yeast extract that contains copper. Can help to attract water to the upper layer of the skin and can help in skin wound healing
SACCHAROMYCES/MAGNESIUM FERMENT
Yeast extract that contains magnesium. Can help to attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Evidence of effectiveness for other benefits is missing
SACCHAROMYCES/IRON FERMENT
Yeast extract that contains iron. Can help to attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Evidence of effectiveness for other benefits is missing
SACCHAROMYCES/SILICON FERMENT
Yeast extract that contains silicon. Can help to attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Evidence of effectiveness for other benefits is missing
SACCHAROMYCES/ZINC FERMENT
Yeast extract that contains zinc. Can help to attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Evidence of effectiveness for other benefits is missing
THEOBROMA CACAO SEED BUTTER
Helps soften the upper layer of the skin and can be helpful in restoring the skin barrier function. Might have some anti-oxidant effect
EUPHORBIA CERIFERA CERA
Helps soften the upper layer of the skin and thickens the product's texture
CAMELLIA SINENSIS SEED OIL
A plant oil that helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and can help restore the skin barrier. Might have some anti-oxidant effect
CENTELLA ASIATICA EXTRACT
A plant extract that has been shown to be able to reduce inflammation in skin, support restoration of skin barrier function, as well as support collagen production. Contains active compounds called centelloids: asiaticoside, madecasosside, asiatic acid and madecassic acid. Might be helpful in preventing stretch marks. It can be itself be irritating though.
SOY AMINO ACIDS
Help attract water to the upper layer of the skin
CHONDRUS CRISPUS
Red algae extract that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and create a nicer product consistency
GLYCERYL GLUCOSIDE
Can help to restore skin barrier function and soften its upper layer
ALTEROMONAS FERMENT EXTRACT
A marine extract that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. It is claimed to have anti-inflammatory properties but research is lacking
HYDROXYPROPYL TETRAHYDROPYRANTRIOL
A sugar-derived compound that helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might be able to stimulate synthesis of skin's own moisturizing factors, but solid research is lacking. It could be irritating
PCA
Naturally present in skin and helps to attract water to its upper layer
ALANINE
An amino-acid that helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might help to lighten the skin, but solid evidence is lacking
SODIUM CHONDROITIN SULFATE
Is naturally present in skin. Helps to attract water to its upper layer
ATELOCOLLAGEN
A protein that helps to attract moisture to the upper layer of the skin and might be helpful in reducing fine lines and wrinkles
MANNITOL
Helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin
MANGANESE GLUCONATE
Might be able to help restore skin barrier function supporting its hydration
ZINC GLUCONATE
Typically used to stabilize the product formulations. It is a salt of a polyhydroxy acid (PHA) and in larger concentrations, can help shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. It can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Might to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Could be helpful in neutralizing free radicals, but solid research is missing. Due to the zinc content, might help calm down inflammation in skin
SERINE
An amino-acid that helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin. In combination with other amino-acids, might help to reduce fine lines and wrinkles
THREONINE
An amino-acid that helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin. In combination with other amino-acids, might help to reduce fine lines and wrinkles
LYSINE
An amino-acid that helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin. In combination with other amino-acids, might help to reduce fine lines and wrinkles
HISTIDINE HCL
A salt of an amino-acid that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Might be helpful in restoring the skin barrier function
CITRULLINE
An amino-acid that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin
GLUTAMIC ACID
An amino-acid that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin
GLYCOGEN
Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin
GALACTOARABINAN
Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin
MICROCOCCUS LYSATE
Consists of remains of dead bacteria cells. Is likely helpful in attracting water to the upper layer of the skin. Might be helpful in reducing inflammation and neutralizing free radicals in skin. It is claimed to be a "DNA repair enzyme"
FAEX
Yeast extract. Helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin
CARYOCAR BRASILIENSE FRUIT OIL
Helps soften the upper layer of the skin. Can contain an essential oil that can be irritating
ASTROCARYUM MURUMURU SEED BUTTER
Helps soften the upper layer of the skin. Could be comedogenic due to the myrisic acid content
METHICONE
A type of silicone that helps soften the upper layer of the skin and reduces the water loss from the skin surface
BETA-GLUCAN
Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin, calm down inflammation and irritation, restore the barrier function and support wound healing. It can be helpful in reducing fine lines and wrinkles
BORAGO OFFICINALIS SEED OIL
A plant oil that is effective in reducing irritation in skin, restore the barrier function and support its hydration
GLUCONOLACTONE
A polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that helps shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. Is believed to be genter than AHAs. It helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and can stimulate production of skin's own hyaluronic acid resulting in improved hydration levels. It has been shown to be helpful against acne and clogged pores if used consistently (e.g over a period of 12 weeks) in high enough concentration. It can help reduce fine lines and wrinkles and improve skin tone with long-term application. Can help neutralize free radicals
LACTOBIONIC ACID
A polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that helps shed dead cells from the surface of the skin revealing a smoother, more even skin. PHAs tend to be gentler on the skin compared to AHAs (for example, glycolic acid). It also has hydrating properties and helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. It can help calm down inflammation in skin and support restoration of the barrier function. It has an anti-oxidant effect as well. It can help reduce fine line, wrinkles and improve skin elasticity
ORBIGNYA OLEIFERA SEED OIL
A plant oil that can help soften the upper layer of the skin. Might be helpful in calming down inflammation in skin
SACCHARUM OFFICINARUM EXTRACT
Sugar extract that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin
ARTEMIA EXTRACT
Zooplankton extract that can attract water to the upper level of the skin and might have some anti-oxidant effect
BIS-DIGLYCERYL POLYACYLADIPATE-2
Helps soften the upper layer of the skin and reduce water loss from its surface
COPPER GLUCONATE
Typically used to stabilize the product formulations. It is a salt of polyhydroxy acid (PHA) and in larger concentrations, can help shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. It can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Might to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Could be helpful in neutralizing free radicals, but solid research is missing
PALMITOYL HEXAPEPTIDE-19
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
GLYCERYL ACRYLATE/ACRYLIC ACID COPOLYMER
Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and provide a longer-lasting hydration. Can create a thicker product consistency
GELIDIELLA ACEROSA EXTRACT
An algae extract that can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and have some anti-oxidant properties
ORYZA SATIVA BRAN OIL
Helps soften the upper layer of the skin and might have some anti-oxidant properties
CERA MICROCRISTALLINA
Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin, reduce water loss from its surface and create a thicker product consistency
MALTOBIONIC ACID
A polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that helps shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. Is genter than AHAs. In addition, it helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. It has been shown to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Might help reduce fine lines and wrinkles and improve skin tone with long-term application. Can help neutralize free radicals
HYDROXYETHYL UREA
A derivative of urea, a compound that is naturally present in skin. Attracts water to the upper layer of the skin. Can enhance penetration of other ingredients
PLUKENETIA VOLUBILIS SEED OIL
A plant oil that works as a good moisturizer by softening the upper layer of the skin. Might be helpful in reducing inflammation in skin and reducing blemishes due to the large content of linoleic acid
ROSA CANINA SEED OIL
A plant oil that helps soften the upper layer of the skin. It might have anti-oxidant properties. Might help reduce inflammation in skin and help against blemishes
ZINC PCA
A compound that combines zinc with a hydrating ingredient PCA. Might to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Can help calm down inflammation in skin. Could be helpful in reducing the formation of free radicals in skin. Might help to reduce fine lines in wrinkles, but solid evidence is missing
CUCUMIS SATIVUS OIL
A plant oil that works as a great moisturizer by softening the upper layer of the skin. Due to the high linoleic acid content, can help reduce inflammation in skin
SQUALENE
An oil that is naturally part of skin sebum that helps to soften its upper layer, reduce water loss and neutralize free radicals. It might be comedogenic. Avoid applying large concentrations (or pure oil) before sun exposure as oxidized squalene can clog pores and lead to skin irritation. Today squalene is mostly derived from vegetable oils or synthetized by yeast
SOLUBLE COLLAGEN
A typically plant-derived compound that is supposed mimic human collagen. Cannot penetrate the skin barrier so is not particularly useful in skincare products beyond attracting water to the upper layer of the skin
HYDROLYZED COLLAGEN
A typically plant-derived compound that is supposed mimic human collagen. Cannot penetrate the skin barrier so is not particularly useful in skincare products beyond attracting water to the upper layer of the skin
PALMITOYL PROLINE
An amino-acid that helps attract watet to the upper layer of the skin and might have some anti-aging properties
ACETYL HEXAPEPTIDE-7
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
ACETYL OCTAPEPTIDE-3
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
PALMITOYL TRIPEPTIDE-4
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
MAGNESIUM PALMITOYL GLUTAMATE
An amino acid that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Might be helpful against lines and wrinkles, but evidence of effectiveness is lacking
ETHYLHEXYL HYDROXYSTEARATE
Helps soften the upper layer of the skin and reduce water loss from it
RICE AMINO ACIDS
Help attract water to the upper layer of the skin
ETHYL LINOLEATE
Helps reduce acne and blemishes. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and reduce inflammation. Might be helpful in reducing hyperpigmentation and evening out the skin tone, but evidence of effectiveness in skin are lacking
SESAMUM INDICUM SEED OIL
A good moisturizing plant oil. Due to the high linoleic acid content, it helps soften the upper layer of the skin, reduce water loss and support skin barrier function
ALANYL GLUTAMINE
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
BETA-SITOSTEROL
A phytosterol that can support skin's barrier function and help the skin stay hydrated
CARNOSINE
A type of peptide. It attracts water to the upper layer of the skin. It can help neutralize free radicals in skin combatting the sun damage
ERYTHRITOL
Helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin
PANTHENYL ETHYL ETHER
Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and can help improve skin barrier function
ZEA MAYS OIL
A good moisturizing plant oil. Due to the high linoleic acid content, it helps soften the upper layer of the skin, reduce water loss and support skin barrier function
HELIANTHUS ANNUUS SEED WAX
Helps soften the upper layer of the skin and support skin's barrier function while creating a thicker product consistency
POLYGLYCERIN-3
Helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin
SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM SEED OIL
A good emollient that helps soften the upper layer of the skin and, due to the high linoleic acid content, can support the skin's barrier function
VACCINIUM MACROCARPON SEED OIL
A plant oil that can help neutralize free radicals, soften the upper layer of the skin, and support skin's barrier function
HYDROXYDECYL UBIQUINONE
An analogue of coenzyme Q10 that has a lower molecular weight, which can improve its ability to penetrate the skin. It helps neutralize free radicals in skin, improves skin hydration and might be helpful agains fine lines and wrinkles. It can be an allergen
SCENEDESMUS RUBESCENS EXTRACT
A micro-algae extract that might help attract water to the upper layer of the skin, support its barrier function, amd might help neutralize free radicals, but evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking
SEA WHIP EXTRACT
Might help neutrlize free radicals, calm down inflammation, and attract water to the upper layer of the skin
GLUCONIC ACID
A polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that helps shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. Is believed to be genter than AHAs. It helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and can stimulate production of skin's own hyaluronic acid resulting in imporved hydration levels. It has been shown to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Might help reduce fine lines and wrinkles and improve skin tone with long-term application. Can help neutralize free radicals
LACTOCOCCUS FERMENT LYSATE
Consists of remains of dead bacteria cells. Is likely helpful in attracting water to the upper layer of the skin. Might be helpful in reducing inflammation and neutralizing free radicals in skin
LACTOBACILLUS/ARUNDINARIA GIGANTEA LEAF FERMENT FILTRATE
Fermented bamboo. Is used to create a nice product texture. Might have some antioxidant effect
OLIGOPEPTIDE-10
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
SALVIA HISPANICA SEED EXTRACT
A plant extract that typically contains linolenic and linoleic acids that help soften the upper layer of the skin and can support skin barrier function
TRIOLEIN
Helps soften the upper layer of the skin
ACETYL HYDROXYPROLINE
An amino-acid that can support ceramides production in skin and reduce water-loss
BUTYROSPERMUM PARKII BUTTER UNSAPONIFIABLES
A great moisturizing ingredient that softens the skin and reduces water loss from its upper layer. It also can be helpful in protecting skin from free radicals
SESAMUM INDICUM SEED EXTRACT
Plant oil that due to its high content of linoleic acid can help support skin's barrier function improving its hydration
GRIFOLA FRONDOSA FRUITING BODY EXTRACT
Mushroom extract that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might be able to stimulate sebum production in skin
SIMMONDSIA CHINENSIS SEED EXTRACT
Plant oil that helps soften the upper layer of the skin
RICE FERMENT FILTRATE
Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Might have some anti-oxidant properties
ROSA RUBIGINOSA SEED OIL
Plant oil that due to the high content of linoleic acid can support skin's barrier function and reduce moisture loss
TREMELLA FUCIFORMIS SPOROCARP EXTRACT
Mushroom extract that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin
CALCIUM PCA
Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin
GALACTOMYCES FERMENT FILTRATE
A yeast ferment filtrate (also known as Pitera - a trademarked name for the filtrate reserved by the SK-II brand). It helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin, can help neutralize antioxidants and can be helpful in evening out the skin tone. It might be somewhat helpful in preventing premature skin aging but solid evidence is lacking. A small manufacturer study also shows that, when used in high concentrations, it can help reduce sebum production and help against blocked pores
LACTOBACILLUS/RICE FERMENT FILTRATE
A fermentation product created by bacteria Lactobacillus out of rice. The fermented product helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. It has anti-bacterial properties and might be helpful in calming down inflammation, but studies are lacking
SACCHAROMYCES/IMPERATA CYLINDRICA ROOT FERMENT EXTRACT
Yeast extract obtained from a plant root (cogon grass). It works as an excellent humectant attracting water to the upper layer of the skin. Can have some anti-inflammatory effect
ECHIUM PLANTAGINEUM SEED OIL
A plant oil that because of its high content of alpha-linolenic acid help support skin barrier function and moisturize the skin
PANTOLACTONE
Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin
FRUCTOSE
Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin
APHANIZOMENON FLOS-AQUAE EXTRACT
An extract from ablue-green algae. Can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might help to neutralize free radicals
10-HYDROXYDECANOIC ACID
Helps soften the upper layer of the skin and slow down the water loss from its surface
2-OLEAMIDO-1,3-OCTADECANEDIOL
Helps soften the upper layer of the skin and slow down the water loss over time
3-GLYCERYL ASCORBATE
A moisturizing vitamin C derivative. It is considered to be one of the most stable ones. It is effective in neutralizing free radicals and can help to even out the skin tone if used in high enough concentration
UREA
Naturally present in skin (urea makes up about 7% of natural moisturizing factors in skin). Attracts water to the upper layer of the skin. Also has a positive effect on the skin barrier beyond the humectant action. Can enhance penetration of other ingredients. Is an exfoliating ingredient when used in high concentrations
ACETYL TETRAPEPTIDE-15
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
ARGININE HCL
An amino acid that is naturally present in skin and helps keep it hydrated. When used together with AHAs, it can reduce their irritating effect on the skin
ASCOPHYLLUM NODOSUM EXTRACT
Brown seaweed extract. Can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have some antioxidant effect
ASPARAGOPSIS ARMATA EXTRACT
Red seaweed extract. Can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have some antioxidant effect
ASPARTIC ACID
An amino-acid that helps increase skin hydration and might help to slightly improve skin firmness, potentially reducing lines and wrinkles
NIACIN
A form of vitamin B3. It is similar in action to niacinamide, but is more likely to cause red flashes in skin as the side effect
CALCIUM PANTOTHENATE
Helps support skin barrier function improving skin hydration and reducing sensitivity
COCOS NUCIFERA FRUIT EXTRACT
An emollient. Found to be as effective as a moisturizer for dry skin as mineral oil. Could be comedogenic
CORALLINA OFFICINALIS EXTRACT
Red algae extract that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might contain antioxidants
HALIDRYS SILIQUOSA EXTRACT
Extract from large brown algae that can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin
HYDROLYZED JOJOBA ESTERS
Helps soften the upper layer of the skin
HYDROGENATED JOJOBA OIL
Helps soften the upper layer of the skin
HYDROLYZED SODIUM HYALURONATE
Attracts water into the upper layer of the skin
HYDROXYPALMITOYL SPHINGANINE
A type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin
LANOLIN OIL
Sebum of wool-bearing animals (most commonly sheep). Helps soften the upper layer of the skin and reduce the skin water loss. In rare cases could be an allergen. Not suitable for vegans
UNDARIA PINNATIFIDA EXTRACT
A seaweed extract that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have an anti-oxidant effect
HELIANTHUS ANNUUS SEED OIL UNSAPONIFIABLES
A great emollient due to its high linoleic acid content. One of the most effective plant oils in helping skin hydration and repairing skin barrier function
CETYLHYDROXYPROLINE PALMITAMIDE
A type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin
SACCHAROMYCES FERMENT FILTRATE
A product of yeast fermentation. Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin
SACCHAROMYCES FERMENT
A product of yeast fermentation. Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin
SHOREA STENOPTERA SEED BUTTER
Helps soften the upper layer of the skin and can be helpful in restoring the skin barrier function
LAURYL PCA
Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin
PALMARIA PALMATA EXTRACT
Red algae extract that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin
SIMMONDSIA CHINENSIS BUTTER
Helps soften the upper layer of the skin
STEARYL DIMETHICONE
Helps soften the upper layer of the skin
SYNTHETIC BEESWAX
Helps soften the upper layer of the skin
MADECASSOSIDE
An antioxidant that is typically derived from plant Centella Asiatica. It can help neutralize free radicals in skin and support skin barrier function. It could, however, itself be irritating. It is often unstable in formulations
ECTOIN
Softens the upper layer of the skin and can support skin barrier function
LACTOBACILLUS FERMENT
A fermentation product created by bacteria Lactobacillus. The fermented product has anti-bacterial properties and might be helpful in calming down inflammation, but studies are lacking. Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Can be used as a preservative
GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS
Long sugars that help attract water to the upper layer of the skin
HYDROLYZED GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS
Long sugars that help attract water to the upper layer of the skin
PANTOTHENIC ACID
Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and may help reduce inflammation in skin
ELAEIS GUINEENSIS BUTTER
A type of palm oil. Helps soften the upper layer of the skin
ISOMALT
Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin
ADANSONIA DIGITATA OIL
Baobab oil. Helps soften the upper layer of the skin
SALVIA HISPANICA SEED OIL
Chia seed oil. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and might be helpful in repairing skin barrier
PIPTADENIA COLUBRINA PEEL EXTRACT
Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Preliminary research has shown that the extract contains chemicals that might be able to support skin hydration in other ways, but the evidence is lacking
ARGININE PCA
An amino-acid. Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and can help neutralize free radicals in skin
TRIETHYLHEXANOIN
Helps soften the upper layer of the skin
POLYGLUTAMIC ACID
Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin.
PISTACIA VERA SEED OIL
Helps soften the upper layer of the skin
CANNABIS SATIVA SEED OIL
A plant oil that due to its high linoleic acid content can help strengthen skin's barrier function and soften its upper layer
GUAIAZULENE
A blue-colored ingredient that is traditionally used as a colorant. It has anti-inflammatory properties. For example, it is successfully used to treat diaper rash for new borns. It can help support the skin barrier by reducing inflammation
OLIGOPEPTIDE-68
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
VINYL DIMETHICONE
A type of silicone that helps to create a nice product texture and soften the upper layer of the skin
TRIHEPTANOIN
A synthetic triglyceride. Helps soften the upper layer of the skin
PANTHENYL TRIACETATE
A stable oil-soluble derivative of vitamin B5. It can help support skin barrier and reduce inflammation in skin
ALEURITES MOLUCCANUS SEED OIL
Helps soften the upper layer of the skin
ACETYL FARNESYLCYSTEINE
A synthetic amino-acid that might help calm down inflammation in skin and reduce its irritation, but conclusive studies are not available at the moment. It can help to attract water to the upper layer of the skin and support skin barrier
LYSOPHOSPHATIDIC ACID
A phospholipid. It is naturally present in skin and plays a signaling role there. It is involved in cell prolifiratio, skin inflammatory responses and wound healing. In cosmetics, it might help to support the skin barrier function
ISOLEUCINE
An amino acid that can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and support skin's barrier function
CETYL DIMETHICONE
A type of silicone. Helps soften the upper layer of the skin and creates a nice, light product texture
OENOTHERA BIENNIS OIL
Helps soften the upper layer of the skin and can support skin barrier function
POLYMETHYLSILSESQUIOXANE
A silicone that improves product texture and helps dissolve other ingredients. Can form a non-greasy film on the skin to prevent moisture loss
UBIQUINONE
Coenzyme Q10. It helps neutralize free radicals in skin, improves skin hydration and might be helpful agains fine lines and wrinkles. It can be an allergen
HYDROLYZED LINSEED EXTRACT
Helps soften the upper layer of the skin
ASIATICOSIDE
An active compound of Centella Asiatica plant extract. In combination with other active compounds of Centella Asiatica extract (madecasosside, asiatic acid and madecassic acid), asiaticoside has been shown to be helpful in wound-healing, restoring skin barrier function and supporting collagen production in skin. It can, however, itself be irritating
MADECASSIC ACID
An active compound of Centella Asiatica plant extract. In combination with other active compounds of Centella Asiatica extract (asiaticoside, madecasosside and asiatic acid), madecassic acid has been shown to be helpful in wound-healing, restoring skin barrier function and supporting collagen production in skin. It can, however, itself be irritating
FAEX EXTRACT
Yeast extract. Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin
AVENA SATIVA KERNEL OIL
An effective moisturizing and skin barrier repair ingredient. Helps calm down inflammation and has some anti-oxidant properties
PERSEA GRATISSIMA OIL UNSAPONIFIABLES
Helps soften the upper layer of the skin
MAURITIA FLEXUOSA FRUIT OIL
Helps soften the upper layer of the skin
CANNABIDIOL - SYNTHETICALLY PRODUCED
CBD. Can bind to skin cell receptors and can reduce inflammation, itching, and help support skin barrier function
CANNABIDIOL - DERIVED FROM EXTRACT OR TINCTURE OR RESIN OF CANNABIS
CBD. Can bind to skin cell receptors and can reduce inflammation, itching, and help support skin barrier function
OLEOYL DIPEPTIDE-15
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
CENTELLA ASIATICA LEAF CELL EXTRACT
A plant extract that has been shown to be able to reduce inflammation in skin, support restoration of skin barrier function, as well as support collagen production. It can be irritating to sensitive skin. Might be helpful in preventing stretch marks. It could, however, itself be irritating.
CENTELLA ASIATICA FLOWER/LEAF/STEM EXTRACT
A plant extract that has been shown to be able to reduce inflammation in skin, support restoration of skin barrier function, as well as support collagen production. Contains active compounds called centelloids: asiaticoside, madecasosside, asiatic acid and madecassic acid. Might be helpful in preventing stretch marks. It can be itself be irritating though.
ASIATIC ACID
An active compound of Centella Asiatica plant extract. In combination with other active compounds of Centella Asiatica extract (asiaticoside, madecasosside and madecassic acid) asiatic acid has been shown to be helpful in wound-healing, restoring skin barrier function and supporting collagen production in skin. It can, however, itself be irritating
THEOBROMA GRANDIFLORUM SEED BUTTER
Helps soften the upper layer of the skin and might as well help to attract moisture to its upper layer
CHENOPODIUM QUINOA SEED OIL
A plant oil that contains a high percentage of linoleic acid. It softens the upper layer of the skin and can help strengthen the skin barrier
ALPHA-GLUCAN OLIGOSACCHARIDE
Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin
COPPER PCA
Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin
ACER SACCHARUM SAP EXTRACT
Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin
SISYMBRIUM IRIO SEED OIL
A plant oil that helps soften the upper layer of the skin. Could help reduce inflammation due to high content of linolenic acid
INULIN
Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Is claimed to support the growth of "good" bacteria in skin (as a "prebiotic"), but the research is lacking
SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE
An antioxidant enzyme that is naturally present in skin. It can help support skin barrier function and reduce inflammation in skin. It is used in topical medications for inflammatory skin conditions including atopic dermatitis (eczema) and psoriasis. There are three types of natural Superoxide Dismutase in human skin. The compound used in topical treatments and cosmetics are mimics of typically one of these natural variants
PRUNUS AMYGDALUS DULCIS SEED
Helps soften the upper layer of the skin
SPHINGOLIPIDS
Sphingolipids are a group of lipids with a common chemical structure. Some of them are naturally present in skin and can be converted to ceramides
GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS
A type of lipids naturally present in skin. They can be converted to ceramides in skin
GLUTATHIONE
A peptide that can help neutralize free radicals in skin and reduce melanin production resulting in skin lightening effect and reduction in hyperpigmentation. It can also help attract moisture to the upper layer of the skin
GLUCOSE OXIDASE
Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin
LACTOPEROXIDASE
Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. In theory, could support healthy skin's microbiome, but evidence of effectiveness in skin is lacking
SH-POLYPEPTIDE-16
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
CYANOCOBALAMIN
Can support skin barrier function and reduce inflammation in skin
TETRADECYL AMINOBUTYROYLVALYLAMINOBUTYRIC UREA TRIFLUOROACETATE
A peptide. It helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin, support skin's barrier function and might have some slight anti-aging effect through stimulating skin's own production of hyaluronic acid
MELIA AZADIRACHTA SEED OIL
Helps soften the upper layer of the skin and can support skin barrier function due to the high linoleic acid content
HYDROLYZED JOJOBA PROTEIN
Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin
AMINOBUTYRIC ACID
Has been shown to support wound healing and skin barrier function when used topically in rats. Is likely to be effective in supporting skin's hydration and barrier function, but research for human skin is missing. Might have some anti-aging properties but the research is missing
TETRAPEPTIDE-36
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
TETRAPEPTIDE-5
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
TETRAPEPTIDE-40
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
HELIANTHUS ANNUUS SPROUT EXTRACT
Helps soften the upper layer of the skin and can help support the skin barrier
HEXAPEPTIDE-42
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
HEXAPEPTIDE-33
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
KAPPAPHYCUS ALVAREZII EXTRACT
A red algae extract that can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have some antioxidant properties
TRIPEPTIDE-13
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
AZELAOYL BIS-DIPEPTIDE-10
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
CYSTEINE
Might help neutralize free radicals in skin and might be helpful against hyperpigmentation
PSEUDOZYMA EPICOLA/CAMELLIA SINENSIS SEED OIL/GLUCOSE/MALT EXTRACT/SOYBEAN FLOUR/YEAST EXTRACT FERMENT FILTRATE
Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might help neutralize free radicals
ISOSORBIDE DICAPRYLATE
Helps soften the upper layer of the skin. Early studies suggest that it can help strengthen the skin barrier
ACETYL SH-HEPTAPEPTIDE-1
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
BIOTINOYL TRIPEPTIDE-1
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
MYRISTOYL PENTAPEPTIDE-17
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
N-PROLYL PALMITOYL TRIPEPTIDE-56 ACETATE
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
NICOTIANA BENTHAMIANA HEXAPEPTIDE-40 SH-OLIGOPEPTIDE-1
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
CRITHMUM MARITIMUM CALLUS CULTURE FILTRATE
A plant cell extract that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have some anti-oxidant properties
COPPER HEPTAPEPTIDE-14 PANTOTHENATE
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
CYCLOTETRAPEPTIDE-24 AMINOCYCLOHEXANE CARBOXYLATE
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
DECAPEPTIDE-1
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
DECAPEPTIDE-22
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
FERULOYL OLIGOPEPTIDE-33
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
HEXAPEPTIDE-2
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
CARYODENDRON ORINOCENSE SEED OIL
A plant oil with a high content of linoleic acid that helps soften the upper layer of the skin and helps strengthen the skin barrier. It is an excellent moisturizer. Might have an anti-oxidant effect
C13-16 ISOPARAFFIN
Is mostly used to dissolve other ingredients. Helps soften the upper layer of the skin. It might be comedogenic when used in high concentrations
FRAGARIA ANANASSA SEED OIL
Helps soften the upper layer of the skin
NICOTIANA BENTHAMIANA HEXAPEPTIDE-40 SH-POLYPEPTIDE-76
A fusion peptide that combines peptides produced by human and plant cells. It might have anti-aging effect in skin and can help the skin moisturization
POLYGLYCERYL-2 DIPOLYHYDROXYSTEARATE
Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin
HYDROLYZED ALGAE EXTRACT
Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin
SH-POLYPEPTIDE-17
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
OPUNTIA FICUS-INDICA SEED OIL
A plant oil that helps soften the upper layer of the skin and can support skin's barrier function due to its high content of linoleic acid. It also has anti-microbial properties
FRUCTOOLIGOSACCHARIDES
Help attract water to the upper layer of the skin
IMPERATA CYLINDRICA ROOT EXTRACT
A plat extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin and attract water to its upper layer
LACTOBACILLUS
A non-living ingredient made by fermentation with the bacteria Lactobacillus. It can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might help reduce inflammation
SARCOSINE
Helps to enhance the penetration of other ingredients and attract water to the upper layer of the skin
VITIS VINIFERA OIL
A great emollient that can also have anti-oxidant properties
ALTHAEA OFFICINALIS ROOT EXTRACT
A plant extract that can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might help to reduce inflammation
NIGELLA SATIVA SEED OIL
Helps soften the upper layer of the skin and support the skin's barrier due to the high content of linoleic acid
VACCINIUM CORYMBOSUM SEED OIL
Helps soften the upper layer of the skin, support the skin's barrier function and might help neutralize free radicals
HELIANTHUS ANNUUS HYBRID OIL
Helps soften the upper layer of the skin
HELIANTHUS ANNUUS SEED CERA
Helps soften the upper layer of the skin
ALCALIGENES POLYSACCHARIDES
Help attract water to the upper layer of the skin
SH-OLIGOPEPTIDE-9
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
NICOTINOYL TRIPEPTIDE-1
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
HELIANTHUS ANNUUS EXTRACT
Helps soften the upper layer of the skin
PRUNUS AMYGDALUS DULCIS SEED EXTRACT
Almond extract (oil) - helps soften the upper layer of the skin
LACTOBACILLUS FERMENT FILTRATE
Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might support the healthy skin microbiome
LAMINARIA OCHROLEUCA EXTRACT
Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin
CUCURBITA PEPO SEED OIL
Helps soften the upper layer of the skin
MALUS DOMESTICA FRUIT EXTRACT
Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin
ARGANIA SPINOSA SPROUT CELL EXTRACT
Plant stem cell extract. Can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals
LAMINARIA JAPONICA EXTRACT
Seaweed extract that might help to attract water to the upper layer of the skin and have some anti-oxidant properties
MAGNESIUM CARBOXYMETHYL BETA-GLUCAN
Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin
EMU OIL
Helps soften the upper layer of the skin
SALICYLOYL PHYTOSPHINGOSINE
Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Might have anti-aging benefits but solid study data is lacking
JUGLANS REGIA SEED OIL
Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin
GANODERMA LUCIDUM EXTRACT
Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin
PHOSPHATIDYLGLYCEROL
Helps soften the upper layer of the skin. It might help reduce inflammation and support the barrier function. This compound is naturally present in animal and plant tissue
TERMINALIA FERDINANDIANA SEED OIL
Helps soften the upper layer of the skin
CAMELINA SATIVA SEED OIL
Helps soften the upper layer of the skin
MAGNESIUM PCA
Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin
MANGANESE PCA
Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Often used as a part of an ingredient complex Physiogenyl together with Sodium PCA, Magnesium PCA and Zinc PCA. The manufacturer claims that it does more than attracting water, but there is no evidence or studies supporting this claim
SCHIZOSACCHAROMYCES POMBE EXTRACT
A yeast extract. Can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin
PADINA PAVONICA EXTRACT
An algae extract. Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin
SECALE CEREALE SEED EXTRACT
Rye seed extract. Helps soften the upper layer of the skin
ACETYL TYROSINAMIDE
An amino acid derivative. A manufacturer's study shows that it can help somewhat reduce wrinkles when used in combination with a low concentration of glycolic acid. No independent human in-vivo studies of this compound are available
DIPEPTIDE-1
A type of peptide. Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have anti-aging benefits
PENTAPEPTIDE-48
A type of peptide. Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have anti-aging benefits
7-DEHYDROCHOLESTEROL
Pro-vitamin D. It is claimed to have anti-inflammatory effect in skin, but there is no research available confirming that this compound converts to vitamin D in skin or has any other benefits apart from softening the upper layer of the skin. This compound is different from the Vitamin D3 analogues used in medicine to treat psoriasis
ORNITHINE
An amino-acid. Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin
ARGANIA SPINOSA KERNEL OIL
An emollient that helps soften the upper layer of the skin. Might have some weak anti-oxidant properties
SACCHAROMYCES FERMENT LYSATE FILTRATE
Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin
MANGIFERA INDICA SEED BUTTER
Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and might have some anti-oxidant effect
OCTYLDODECYL NEOPENTANOATE
An emollient that helps soften the skin. Often used to stabilize other ingredients, for example, sunscreen
SACCHAROMYCES/XYLINUM/BLACK TEA FERMENT
A fermented sweet black tea. There is no studies on particular benefits of this ingredient in skin. It can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin, and might have some anti-oxidant effect. It is used in skincare for mostly marketing purposes because of the popularity of kombucha drinks
BACILLUS FERMENT
A product of bacterial fermentation. Can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin
NIACINAMIDE
Is proven to be effective in reducing blemishes, evening out skin tone and helping to improve lines and wrinkles. It helps the skin to repair sun damage, calm down inflammation and keep maintain good levels of moisture
OLIGOPEPTIDE-33
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
NONAPEPTIDE-1
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
PALMITOYL OLIGOPEPTIDE
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
PALMITOYL PENTAPEPTIDE-4
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
PALMITOYL TETRAPEPTIDE-7
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
CAPROOYL PHYTOSPHINGOSINE
A component of ceramides. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin
PALMITOYL SH-TRIPEPTIDE-4 AMIDE
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
TETRAPEPTIDE-7
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
LAUROYL SH-OLIGOPEPTIDE-33
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
MYRISTOYL NONAPEPTIDE-3
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
ACETYL HEXAPEPTIDE-37
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
CERAMIDE NG
A type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin
ACETYL DIPEPTIDE-1 CETYL ESTER
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
MYRISTOYL PENTAPEPTIDE-8
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
TRIPEPTIDE-1
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
CERAMIDE AS
A type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin
CERAMIDE EOS
A type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin
DIPEPTIDE-8
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
ACETYL DECAPEPTIDE-3
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
CERAMIDE 2
A type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin
SH-OLIGOPEPTIDE-2
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
ACETYL TETRAPEPTIDE-11
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
PALMITOYL TRIPEPTIDE-5
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
SH-POLYPEPTIDE-22
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
CERAMIDE 1
A type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin
OLIGOPEPTIDE-31
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
HEXAPEPTIDE-11
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
DIPEPTIDE DIAMINOBUTYROYL BENZYLAMIDE DIACETATE
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
HEXAPEPTIDE-3
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
SH-POLYPEPTIDE-3
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
ACETYL TETRAPEPTIDE-9
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
OLIGOPEPTIDE-4
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
CERAMIDE 6 II
A type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin
ACETYL TETRAPEPTIDE-5
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
FERRIC HEXAPEPTIDE-35
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
CERAMIDE AP
A type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin
TRIPEPTIDE-10 CITRULLINE
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
OLIGOPEPTIDE-30
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
SH-OCTAPEPTIDE-4
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
MYRISTOYL HEXAPEPTIDE-16
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
PALMITOYL TRIPEPTIDE-56
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
OCTAPEPTIDE-2
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
CERAMIDE EOP
A type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin
SH-POLYPEPTIDE-9
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
OLIGOPEPTIDE-32
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
OLIGOPEPTIDE-41
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
HEXAPEPTIDE-9
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
ACETYL HEPTAPEPTIDE-9
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
PALMITOYL HEXAPEPTIDE-12
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
COPPER PALMITOYL HEPTAPEPTIDE-14
A synthetic peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles. Can help speed up wound healing
TRIFLUOROACETYL TRIPEPTIDE-2
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
OLEOYL TETRAPEPTIDE-31
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
HEXAPEPTIDE-48 HCL
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
OLIGOPEPTIDE-3
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
OLIGOPEPTIDE-24
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
OLIGOPEPTIDE-35
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
OLIGOPEPTIDE-1
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
OLIGOPEPTIDE-5
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
ACETYL HEXAPEPTIDE-8
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
TRIPEPTIDE-32
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
CERAMIDE NS
A type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin
OLIGOPEPTIDE-34
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
PENTAPEPTIDE-18
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
DIPEPTIDE-2
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
SH-POLYPEPTIDE-2
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
ACETYL CYCLOHEXAPEPTIDE-34
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
PHYTOSPHINGOSINE
A type of lipid that is naturally present in skin. It might help in repairing skin barrier function and has anti-bacterial effect
NIACINAMIDE/YEAST POLYPEPTIDE
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
ARGININE/LYSINE POLYPEPTIDE
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
HEXANOYL DIPEPTIDE-3 NORLEUCINE ACETATE
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
CERAMIDE 3
A type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin
PENTAPEPTIDE-4
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
TETRAPEPTIDE-38
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
ACETYL HEXAPEPTIDE-1
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
COPPER TRIPEPTIDE-1
A naturally occurring peptide. One of the most studied peptides in dermatology. It is sometimes abbreviated GHK-Cu. Belongs to the class of carrier peptides. It stimulates both synthesis and breakdown of collagen in skin. It is released in skin wounds and inflammation to support healing. It accelerates wound-healing of the skin and can stimulate hair growth. There are preliminary studies that confirm that copper tripeptide can help support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles and decrease inflammation in skin.
ACETYL HEXAPEPTIDE-30
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
PALMITOYL TRIPEPTIDE-1
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
ACETYL TETRAPEPTIDE-17
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
CAPROOYL SPHINGOSINE
A component of ceramides. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin
HEPTAPEPTIDE-15 PALMITATE
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
PENTAPEPTIDE-34 TRIFLUOROACETATE
A type of peptide that works as a great moisturizer. It might also have some anti-aging effect and help neutralize free radicals in skin
DIPEPTIDE-4
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
CERAMIDE NP
A type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin
SH-POLYPEPTIDE-45
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
PALMITOYL HEXAPEPTIDE-52
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
PALMITOYL DIPEPTIDE-10
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
ACETYL TETRAPEPTIDE-2
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
ACETYL TETRAPEPTIDE-3
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
ASCORBIC ACID POLYPEPTIDE
A type of peptide. Might help neutralize free radicals in skin. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
OCTAPEPTIDE-7
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
SH-POLYPEPTIDE-8
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
TETRAPEPTIDE-21
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
PALMITOYL TRIPEPTIDE-38
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
SH-DECAPEPTIDE-7
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
SH-POLYPEPTIDE-11
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
LINOLEIC ACID
An excellent emollient. Helps soften the skin, restore its barrier function, and can help to calm down inflammation. It can be helpful to prevent blemishes and clogged pores
SH-OLIGOPEPTIDE-1
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
SH-POLYPEPTIDE-1
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles
COLLOIDAL OATMEAL EXTRACT
Helps to restore skin barrier function, soften the upper layer of the skin and calm down inflammation
CHENOPODIUM QUINOA SEED EXTRACT
Helps soften the upper layer of the skin
ASCORBYL TETRAISOPALMITATE
A vitamin C derivative. Studies show that is might be effective in reducing hyperpigmentation, but there are no studies confirming that it is effectively converted into the bioavailable form of Vitamin C in skin. It is not clear how this derivative compares in effectiveness to the topical application of bioavailable form of vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid)
ASCORBYL GLUCOSIDE
A vitamin C derivative that is more stable but less potent than pure form of vitamin C. Has a potential to boost collagen production, nutralise free radicals and reduce hyperpigmentation, but the required concentration is likely to be much higher than for the pure form of vitamin C, limiting the ingredient's effectiveness in products
ACETYL GLUCOSAMINE
An effective moisturizing ingredient that also has been shown to be effective in evening out the skin tone and reducing hyperpigmentation. It can help somewhat reduce wrinkles in skin
GLYCOLIC ACID
An alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA) that helps to remove the dead skin cells on the surface of the skin reveling a more even, smoother complexation. It is also able to stimulate collagen production with long-term use. Could help to reduce pore congestion. It can be irritating to the skin. Apply sunscreen daily if using products with glycolic acid
LACTIC ACID
An exfoliating and moisturizing alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA). Typically causes less irritation than other AHAs, for example, glycolic acid. At high concentrations (about 15%), lactic acid can help reduce lines and wrinkles. Recent studies show that lactic acid can support the "good" bacteria living on skin's surface (healthy skin microbiom)
NIACINAMIDE
Is proven to be effective in reducing blemishes, evening out skin tone and helping to improve lines and wrinkles. It helps the skin to repair sun damage, calm down inflammation and keep maintain good levels of moisture
STEARYL GLYCYRRHETINATE
A fatty acid derived from licorice. Works as an emollient and can help calm down inflammation
GLYCYRRHETINIC ACID
Active compound of licorice root. Works to calm down inflammation, as an anti-oxidant, and might be helpful in lightening the skin and reducing hyperpigmentation
AMINOPROPYL ASCORBYL PHOSPHATE
A more stable but less potent derivative of vitamin C. It can help neautralize free radicals and even out the skin tone if used in high enough concentration (required levels are likely to be much higher than for pure vitamin C, and solid studies are lacking at the moment)
RETINYL PALMITATE
Three steps removed from the active form of vitamin A - retinoic acid. To have an effect in the skin, it first needs to be converted twice to become the retinoic acid. This means it is less potent than retinol, but could also be less irritating. Once converted to the retinoic acid in the skin, it helps against all signs of aging, improves skin cell turnover and helps fight blemishes and clogged pores. However, in many cosmetic formulations, it is used in a concentration that is too low to have the full effect
HYDROXYPINACOLONE RETINOATE
A derivative of the most potent form of vitamin A, retinoic acid. The ingredient can be sold under name Granactive Retinoid. Note that if a skincare brand discloses the concentration of Granactive Retinoid in a product, the concentration refers to a diluted form of Hydroxypinacolone Retinoate: 1% of Granactive Retinoid corresponds to 0.1% of Hydroxypinacolone Retinoate. Hydroxypinacolone Retinoate (HPR) is a unique derivative of retinoic acid because it can directly work in the skin and does not require additional conversion steps. According to studies done by the manufacturer on models of human skin (not real people), this derivative is more effective than other cosmetic versions of retinoids (such as retinol, retinaldehyde, and retinyl palmitate), and, at the same time, causes less irritation. It has been also demonstrated to be more stable than retinol which makes formulating with easier and increases the chances that a product with it will maintain its effectiveness after opening. The packaging should still ideally be air-tight. HPR is available over the counter in the EU, UK, Asia, Australia and New Zealand, but is only with a prescription in Canada.
DIMETHOXYTOLYL PROPYLRESORCINOL
Can help reduce hyperpigmentation and lighten skin, but additional research is needed to test its effectiveness on human skin
FERULIC ACID
A potent anti-oxidant that has been shown to be effective in neutralizing free radicals in skin. There seem to have a synergetic effect of ferulic acid, vitamin E and C, meaning that when the ingredients are used together, they enhance each other's ability protect the skin against free radicals. Ferulic acid also helps to stabilize other ingredients - including vitamins C and E. It can help to even out the skin tone. Ferulic acid is approved for use as a sunscreen ingredient in Japan in concentrations up to 10%
LACTOBIONIC ACID
A polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that helps shed dead cells from the surface of the skin revealing a smoother, more even skin. PHAs tend to be gentler on the skin compared to AHAs (for example, glycolic acid). It also has hydrating properties and helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. It can help calm down inflammation in skin and support restoration of the barrier function. It has an anti-oxidant effect as well. It can help reduce fine line, wrinkles and improve skin elasticity
TETRAHEXYLDECYL ASCORBATE
Being a lipid soluble form of vitamin C, it is more stable. It is claimed to penetrate skin better than pure vitamin C and have the the similar benefits, but solid studies of its effectiveness are lacking. Is likely to require a higher concentration in a product than pure vitamin C to be effective.
GLUCONOLACTONE
A polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that helps shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. Is believed to be genter than AHAs. It helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and can stimulate production of skin's own hyaluronic acid resulting in improved hydration levels. It has been shown to be helpful against acne and clogged pores if used consistently (e.g over a period of 12 weeks) in high enough concentration. It can help reduce fine lines and wrinkles and improve skin tone with long-term application. Can help neutralize free radicals
MALTOBIONIC ACID
A polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that helps shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. Is genter than AHAs. In addition, it helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. It has been shown to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Might help reduce fine lines and wrinkles and improve skin tone with long-term application. Can help neutralize free radicals
CHRYSIN
Might be helpful in reducing fine lines and wrinkles, as well as lightening the skin, but solid evidence is missing. Could somewhat help in reducing the darkness of the under-eye area. Helps to neutralise free radicals in skin
ELLAGIC ACID
Can help neutralize free radicals in skin. It can help prevent and treat hyperpigmentation and even out the skin tone
ORCHID LEAF/ROOT/STEM EXTRACT
A plant extract that can help even out skin tone and reduce hyperpigmentation when used in high concentration
HYDROXYPHENOXY PROPIONIC ACID
Helps reduce hypepigmentation and even out the skin tone
MANDELIC ACID
Helps shed the upper layer of dead cells from the surface of the skin revealing smoother, brighter skin. It can help to reduce hyperpigmentation. It has anti-bacterial properties, and might help to reduce blemishes, as well as fine lines and wrinkles. It is considered to be gentler than glycolic acid
GLUCONIC ACID
A polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that helps shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. Is believed to be genter than AHAs. It helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and can stimulate production of skin's own hyaluronic acid resulting in imporved hydration levels. It has been shown to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Might help reduce fine lines and wrinkles and improve skin tone with long-term application. Can help neutralize free radicals
GALACTOMYCES FERMENT FILTRATE
A yeast ferment filtrate (also known as Pitera - a trademarked name for the filtrate reserved by the SK-II brand). It helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin, can help neutralize antioxidants and can be helpful in evening out the skin tone. It might be somewhat helpful in preventing premature skin aging but solid evidence is lacking. A small manufacturer study also shows that, when used in high concentrations, it can help reduce sebum production and help against blocked pores
RETINYL PROPIONATE
Three steps removed from the active form of vitamin A - retinoic acid. To have an effect in the skin, it first needs to be converted twice to become the retinoic acid. This means it is less potent than retinol, but could also be less irritating. Once converted to the retinoic acid in the skin, it helps against all signs of aging, improves skin cell turnover and helps fight blemishes and clogged pores, even thought its potency is not as well established as in case of retinol or retinaldehyde
3-GLYCERYL ASCORBATE
A moisturizing vitamin C derivative. It is considered to be one of the most stable ones. It is effective in neutralizing free radicals and can help to even out the skin tone if used in high enough concentration
3-O-ETHYL ASCORBIC ACID
A vitamin C derivative that is more stable but less potent than pure form of vitamin C. Can help neutralize free radicals and help reduce hyperpigmentation, but the required concentration is likely to be much higher than for the pure form of vitamin C, limiting the ingredient's effectiveness in products
UNDECYLENOYL PHENYLALANINE
An amino-acid based compound that is effective in reducing hyperpigmentation. It can help lighten sun spots and support more even skin tone.
NIACIN
A form of vitamin B3. It is similar in action to niacinamide, but is more likely to cause red flashes in skin as the side effect
BAKUCHIOL
A plant extract that is, though different in chemical structure, acts similar to retinoids. First studies show that it can help reduce fine lines and wrinkles, improve skin tone, reduce clogged pores and blemishes, and reduce inflammation. There is no conclusive evidence that bakuchiol is as effective as retinol however. The study that directly compared retinol with bakuchiol used bakuchiol applied twice daily compared to once per day for the retinol. According to this study, bakuchiol is less irritating than retinol. Bakuchiol is extracted from seeds of Babchi plant. Other parts of the plant contain coumarins that could cause allergic and irritant reactions. These compounds should be removed in the extraction process when bakuchiol is produced, but it is a good idea to be cautious and stay away from products that include the Babchi plant extracts other than purified bakuchiol to avoid irritation
ADAPALENE
A retinoid that is effective against acne and keratosis pilaris. It can also help reduce signs of aging (fine lines, wrinkles, loss of elasticity) and can improve skin tone
AZELAIC ACID
Is produced by a yeast that lives on normal human skin. It is used in medicine as a topical treatment for mild to moderate acne. It has a mild exfoliating effect. It can also help reduce hyperpigmentation, helps calm down inflammation and can help neutralize free radicals
TRANEXAMIC ACID
An amino acid that is effective in reducing hyperpigmentation and evening out the skin tone
PHENYLETHYL RESORCINOL
Might help reduce hyperpigmentation in skin and help neutralize free radicals
KOJIC ACID
Helps to reduce hyperpigmentation and neutralize free radicals. Can be irritating
RETINYL LINOLEATE
An ester of a retinoid and linoleic acid. Three steps removed from the bioactive form of retinoid, retinoic acid. Once converted to retinoic acid in skin, it can help reduce wrinkles, stimulate collagen production, even out skin tone and reduce blemishes. The concentrations used in cosmetic products are often not high enough to have a positive effect in skin.
ALPHA-ARBUTIN
Might help reduce hyperpigmentation when used regularly over a long period of time. Is more effective than beta-arbutin
PANCRATIUM MARITIMUM EXTRACT
A plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin. It might help reduce hyperpigmentation
POTASSIUM AZELOYL DIGLYCINATE
A derivative of azelaic acid. It is obtained by reacting the chloride of azelaic acid with two molecules of glycine (an amino acid) and potassium hydroxide. It is less studied than azelaic acid, but the available research suggests that it also can be effective in reducing skin redness, hyperpigmentation and blemishes. There are claims that it is more bio-available and more effective than azelaic acid, but no comparison study is available. Potassium azeloyl diglycinate is better soluble in water compared with azelaic acid. Because of this property, products with potassium azeloyl digclycinate can have a nicer texture
GLUTATHIONE
A peptide that can help neutralize free radicals in skin and reduce melanin production resulting in skin lightening effect and reduction in hyperpigmentation. It can also help attract moisture to the upper layer of the skin
ISOQUERCITRIN
Antioxidant that might help reduce free radicals and reduce melanin production, but more research is needed to understand if it is effective in skin
DIMETHYLMETHOXY CHROMANYL PALMITATE
An oil-soluble compound that has been shown in laboratory studies (in a petri dish, not on human volunteers) to inhibit melanin production in skin and help even out the skin tone. More research is needed to understand if it works in real life
Tretinoin
Bioavailable form of Vitamin A that is the most effective known topical ingredients for reducing wrinkles, improving skin firmness, treating acne, as well as hyperpigmentation. It is not available over-the counter in many countries, including US and UK
POTASSIUM METHOXYSALICYLATE
Can help reduce hyperpigmentation
EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATE
A polyphenol found in tea. This particular compound abbreviated EGCG is the most powerful antioxidant among those extracted from tea (usually green tea). Unfortunately, EGCG is unstable, requires a low pH (below 4) to prevent quick degradation, and does not penetrate the skin very well. This is why the full anti-oxidant effect of EGCG is typically not realized when it is added to topical skincare
ARBUTIN
Beta-arbutin. Can help to reduce hyperpigmentation and has an anti-oxidant effect when used in high enough concentration. Is less effective compared to alpha-arbutin
RETINYL RETINOATE
A "hybrid" of retinol and retinoic acid. It is more stable than retinol and is likely to be more effective based on the early research data available. Is as irritating as retinol
RETINAL
One step removed from the biologically active in skin form of vitamin A. Once converted to the retinoic acid in the skin, retinal is proven to be effective against all signs of aging. It improves skin cell turnover, helps fight blemishes and clogged pores, can regulate excess oil production and even skin tone. Concentrations of 0.05% and 0.1% are shown to be effective. It can, however, be irritating
RETINOL
Two steps removed from the active form of vitamin A - retinoic acid. Once converted to the retinoic acid in the skin, retinol is proven to be effective against all signs of aging. It improves skin cell turnover, helps fight blemishes and clogged pores, can regulate excess oil production and even skin tone. It can, however, be quite irritating
ASCORBIC ACID
The most well-researched antioxidant that works in skin. Helps neutralize free radicals supporting collagen production, helping to even out the skin tone and preventing early signs of aging
ISOBUTYLAMIDO THIAZOLYL RESORCINOL
Sometimes referred to as Thiamidol (patented by Beiersdorf). A compound that can reduce melanin production in skin. Can help to fade pigmentation spots quicker and even out the skin tone. It is a relatively new compound and the research on it is ongoing. The first studies show that it might be as effective in reducing hyperpigmentation as hydroquinone but with fewer side effects