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1
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aqua (water
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Plain old water
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2
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glycerin
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One of the best moisturizing ingredients. Naturally present in skin. It attracts water to the upper layer of the skin working as a humectant
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3
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magnesium aluminium silicate
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Might be helpful in restoring skin barrier function and, when combined with zinc carbonate and malonic acid, reducing fine lines and wrinkles by stimulating elastin production. Also helps stabilize the product formulation
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4
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nylon-12
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Used to create a nice product consistency
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5
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butylene glycol
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Used to create a nice product texture and help delivery of other ingredients. Might be somewhat helpful in attracting water to the upper layer of the skin
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6
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propanediol
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Acts as a solvent for other ingredients. Speeds up the absorption of other ingredients into the skin
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7
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phenoxyethanol
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A preservative. It helps prevent bacterial growth in cosmetic products
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8
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xanthan gum
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Used to create a thicker product consistency
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9
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silica
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Used to absorb oil and can temporarily mattify skin
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10
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aloe barbadensis leaf juice
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Traditionally used to treat sunburns, dermatitis and inflammation, but evidence for its effectiveness is lacking. The extract can contain humectants that help attract water into the skin
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11
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hamamelis virginiana (witch hazel) water
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A plant extract that can help calm down inflammation in skin. Can, however, itself be irritating
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12
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alcohol
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Can be drying and contribute to skin irritation. Used in formulars to dissolve other ingredients, create a thinner product consistency or for its antibacterial properties
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13
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limonene
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A common frangrance that can easily irritate skin, especially if exposed to air, light or heat
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14
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methylparaben
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A preservative
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15
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citrus limon (lemon) peel oil
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A highly irritating fragrance
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16
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melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) leaf oil
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An essential oil that can be irritating. Has some anti-bacterial properties
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17
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butylparaben
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A preservative
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18
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arctium majus root extract
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19
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iris florentina root extract
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20
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ethylparaben
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A preservative
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21
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zinc sulfate
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A preservative. It can be irritating
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22
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propylparaben
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A preservative
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23
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citral
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A fragrance with a lemon scent. A likely irritant
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24
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retinyl palmitate
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Three steps removed from the active form of vitamin A - retinoic acid. To have an effect in the skin, it first needs to be converted twice to become the retinoic acid. This means it is less potent than retinol, but could also be less irritating. Once converted to the retinoic acid in the skin, it helps against all signs of aging, improves skin cell turnover and helps fight blemishes and clogged pores. However, in many cosmetic formulations, it is used in a concentration that is too low to have the full effect
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25
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biotin
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Might have some moisturising properties. Is not effective when applied topically beyond some moisturizing effect
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26
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potassium sorbate
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A preservative
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27
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citric acid
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Can work as an exfoliant but is typically used to adjust the product pH
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