1 |
water / aqua / eau
| Plain old water |
2 |
alcohol denat.
| Produces temporary toning effect. Can help dissolve other ingredients or preserve products |
3 |
propanediol
| Acts as a solvent for other ingredients. Speeds up the absorption of other ingredients into the skin |
4 |
glycerin
| One of the best moisturizing ingredients. Naturally present in skin. It attracts water to the upper layer of the skin working as a humectant |
5 |
niacinamide
| Is proven to be effective in reducing blemishes, evening out skin tone and helping to improve lines and wrinkles. It helps the skin to repair sun damage, calm down inflammation and keep maintain good levels of moisture |
6 |
1,2-hexanediol
| A preservative |
7 |
panthenol
| Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and can help improve skin barrier function |
8 |
ppg-13-decyltetradeceth-24
| |
9 |
xanthan gum
| Used to create a thicker product consistency |
10 |
citric acid
| Can work as an exfoliant but is typically used to adjust the product pH |
11 |
fragrance / parfum
| An aromatic blend of unspecified irritating ingredients |
12 |
3-o-ethyl ascorbic acid
| A vitamin C derivative that is more stable but less potent than pure form of vitamin C. Can help neutralize free radicals and help reduce hyperpigmentation, but the required concentration is likely to be much higher than for the pure form of vitamin C, limiting the ingredient's effectiveness in products |
13 |
citrus reticulata (tangerine) peel extract
| A likely irritant. Might have some anti-oxidant activity, but is mostly used as a fragrance in cosmetic products |
14 |
ethylhexylglycerin
| A preservative |
15 |
sodium citrate
| Helps to control the skin's pH level. Maintains the skin's natural film of amino-lactic acids and oils. Helps to preserve products |
16 |
disodium edta
| Stabilizes the product formulation |
17 |
tocopherol
| Pure form of vitamin E. Can help moisturise and protect the skin from free radicals. Often used to help stabilise other ingredients or the formula itself |