Rationale

Rationale #3 The Enriched Crème SPF15

Name: Rationale - #3 The Enriched Crème SPF15
Brand: Rationale

SPF 15Efficacy75/100IrritancyHigh·2 UV filters

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Works for

2 of 3 advertised claims delivered

Sun protection

SPF 15 · 2 UV filters · Broad spectrum

Weak protectionSPF under 30

SPF 15Broad spectrumMineral filters

This product offers broad spectrum sun protection, but it is weak. We recommend to use a broad spectrum sunscreen with at least SPF 30.

This product can be considered "reef safe" because it does not contain the UV filters (oxybenzone and octinoxate) that can be harmful to coral reefs when present in the water in high concentrations.

UV spectrum

UVB290–320 nmUVA II320–340 nmUVA I340–400 nm

Titanium Dioxide

Zinc Oxide

FilterCoverageWhat it doesEst. amount

Titanium Dioxide Mineral UVBUVA2 Photo-stable Works as a UV filter when used in high concentrations. It is photostable and is effective mostly against the UVB light, with some protection in the UVA range. In small concentrations, used for its ability to improve the color of cosmetic products. Is usually well tolerated by the skin~0.1–0.45%

Zinc Oxide Mineral UVBUVA Photo-stable A broad spectrum sunblock (protects from both UVA and UVB rays). Is suitable for most sensitive skins. In small concentrations, can be used as a colorant~9.9–14.9%

~ marks concentrations estimated from label position and typical use levels

Reef-safe

No oxybenzone or octinoxate — the two filters banned in Hawaii, Florida Keys and Aruba.

Moisturizing

48 ingredients credited for this claim

Strong support

What the product description says

“This hydrating SPF day cream protects skin with Solar protective Zinc Oxide, safeguarding luminosity while nourishing the complexion.”

Source: N/A

This product can help improve hydration of the skin with the two types of ingredients.

The first type is called “humectants”:
these ingredients help attract water. When humectants are on the surface of the skin, they “pull in” the moisture from the outside environment, or from within deeper layers of the skin. The following ingredients in this product do the job: alanine, arginine.

This product also contains ingredients called “occlusives”. They help reduce the speed with which our skin loses moisture to the outside environment. These ingredients also help soften the upper layer of the skin, so it feels less tight and nicer to the touch. The following ingredients in this product do the job: arginine, dimethicone.

The following ingredients in this product are especially good for supporting the skin barrier and helping with the hydration level: caprooyl phytosphingosine, caprooyl sphingosine, ceramide ap, ceramide eop, ceramide eos, ceramide ng, ceramide np, ceramide ns, phytosphingosine, urea

GlycerinKey active· HumectantEffect: HighOne of the best moisturizing ingredients. Naturally present in skin. It attracts water to the upper layer of the skin working as a humectant~3.2–4.8%

Ceramide nsHero· EmollientEffect: HighA type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin~0.35–0.8%

Sodium lactateKey active· HumectantEffect: HighHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Is often used to adjust the pH level of the product~0.35–0.8%

Sodium pcaKey active· HumectantEffect: HighNaturally present in skin and helps to attract water to its upper layer~0.35–0.8%

ThreonineKey activeEffect: HighAn amino-acid that helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin. In combination with other amino-acids, might help to reduce fine lines and wrinkles~0.3–0.7%

TrehaloseKey active· HumectantEffect: HighA sugar that attracts water to the upper layer of the skin~0.35–0.8%

TyrosineKey activeEffect: High~0.35–0.75%

UreaHero· HumectantEffect: HighNaturally present in skin (urea makes up about 7% of natural moisturizing factors in skin). Attracts water to the upper layer of the skin. Also has a positive effect on the skin barrier beyond the humectant action. Can enhance penetration of other ingredients. Is an exfoliating ingredient when used in high concentrations~0.3–0.7%

7-dehydrocholesterolKey activeEffect: HighPro-vitamin D. It is claimed to have anti-inflammatory effect in skin, but there is no research available confirming that this compound converts to vitamin D in skin or has any other benefits apart from softening the upper layer of the skin. This compound is different from the Vitamin D3 analogues used in medicine to treat psoriasis~0.2–0.75%

AlanineKey active· HumectantEffect: HighAn amino-acid that helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might help to lighten the skin, but solid evidence is lacking~0.3–0.75%

ArginineKey active· Humectant, OcclusiveEffect: HighAn amino acid that is naturally present in skin and helps keep it hydrated. When used together with AHAs, it can reduce their irritating effect on the skin~0.3–0.7%

Aspartic acidKey active· HumectantEffect: HighAn amino-acid that helps increase skin hydration and might help to slightly improve skin firmness, potentially reducing lines and wrinkles~0.3–0.75%

Caprooyl phytosphingosineHero· EmollientEffect: HighA component of ceramides. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin~0.35–0.8%

Caprooyl sphingosineHeroEffect: HighA component of ceramides. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin~0.3–0.75%

Ceramide apHeroEffect: HighA type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin~0.3–0.75%

Ceramide eopHero· EmollientEffect: HighA type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin~0.35–0.8%

Ceramide eosHeroEffect: HighA type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin~0.3–0.75%

Ceramide ngHero· EmollientEffect: HighA type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin~0.35–0.8%

CholesterolKey active· EmollientEffect: HighAn emollient that is naturally found in skin~0.35–0.85%

DimethiconeKey active· Emollient, OcclusiveEffect: HighA silicone that helps to reduce water loss from the surface of the skin. Can temporarily "fill in" lines and wrinkles, absorb oil, and create a nice product finish~5.1–7.7%

FructoseKey active· HumectantEffect: HighHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin~0.2–0.8%

Glutamic acidKey active· HumectantEffect: HighAn amino-acid that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin~0.3–0.75%

Ceramide npHero· EmollientEffect: HighA type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin~0.35–0.75%

GlycineKey active· HumectantEffect: HighHelps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin and can help restore the skin barrier function~0.3–0.75%

Helianthus annuus seed oilKey active· Emollient, OcclusiveEffect: HighA great emollient due to its high linoleic acid content. One of the most effective plant oils in helping skin hydration and repairing skin barrier function~0.3–0.75%

HistidineKey active· HumectantEffect: High~0.15–0.65%

IsoleucineKey activeEffect: HighAn amino acid that can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and support skin's barrier function~0.2–0.7%

LysineKey activeEffect: HighAn amino-acid that helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin. In combination with other amino-acids, might help to reduce fine lines and wrinkles~0.3–0.75%

Peg-10 dimethiconeKey active· Emollient, OcclusiveEffect: HighA silicone that works to soften the upper layer of the skin and reduce its water loss~2.3–3.4%

PhytosphingosineHero· EmollientEffect: HighA type of lipid that is naturally present in skin. It might help in repairing skin barrier function and has anti-bacterial effect~0.4–0.9%

SerineKey activeEffect: HighAn amino-acid that helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin. In combination with other amino-acids, might help to reduce fine lines and wrinkles~0.35–0.75%

Sodium hyaluronateKey active· HumectantEffect: HighOne of the best moisturizing ingredients. Attracts water into the upper layer of the skin~0.35–0.8%

Cetyl alcoholKey active· EmollientEffect: MediumA non-drying alcohol that works to soften the skin and stabilize product formulations helping oil and water mix together~0.35–0.85%

Magnesium aspartateKey activeEffect: MediumMight be helpful in restoring skin barrier function and calm down inflammation in skin~0.3–0.75%

Coco-caprylateKey active· EmollientEffect: MediumAn emollient that softens skin and creates a nice product texture~1.3–1.9%

Dimethicone crosspolymerKey activeEffect: MediumUsed to create a thicker product texture. Helps soften the upper layer of the skin and might be able to prevent moisture loss from its surface~0.45–1.1%

Elaeis guineensis oilKey active· EmollientEffect: MediumHelps soften the upper layer of the skin~0.35–0.85%

GlucoseKey active· HumectantEffect: MediumHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Could be helpful in restoring the skin barrier function~0.3–0.75%

ProlineKey activeEffect: Medium~0.35–0.75%

C13-14 isoparaffin· EmollientEffect: LowHelps soften the upper layer of the skin, dissolve other ingredients and create a thicker product consistency~0.4–0.9%

Behenyl alcohol· Emollient, OcclusiveEffect: LowNon-drying alcohol that helps water and oil mix together. Also serves as an emollient~0.35–0.8%

Pentylene glycol· EmollientEffect: LowUsed to preserve products, dissolve other ingredients and create a nice product texture~2.6–4%

Butylene glycol· HumectantEffect: LowUsed to create a nice product texture and help delivery of other ingredients. Might be somewhat helpful in attracting water to the upper layer of the skin~0.2–0.8%

Zinc gluconateUnder-dosedEffect: HighTypically used to stabilize the product formulations. It is a salt of a polyhydroxy acid (PHA) and in larger concentrations, can help shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. It can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Might to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Could be helpful in neutralizing free radicals, but solid research is missing. Due to the zinc content, might help calm down inflammation in skin~0.35–0.75%

AllantoinUnder-dosedEffect: HighHelps calm down inflammation in skin and can help reduce itching. Helps to repair the skin barrier and keep skin hydrated~0.3–0.7%

Argania spinosa kernel oilUnder-dosedEffect: HighAn emollient that helps soften the upper layer of the skin. Might have some weak anti-oxidant properties~0.5–1.2%

Copper gluconateUnder-dosedEffect: HighTypically used to stabilize the product formulations. It is a salt of polyhydroxy acid (PHA) and in larger concentrations, can help shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. It can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Might to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Could be helpful in neutralizing free radicals, but solid research is missing~0.3–0.75%

TocopherolEffect: Low, below effective dosePure form of vitamin E. Can help moisturise and protect the skin from free radicals. Often used to help stabilise other ingredients or the formula itself~0.3–0.75%

Anti-aging

8 ingredients credited for this claim

Moderate support

This product contains aspartic acid, lysine, serine, threonine, tocotrienols. These ingredients might be able to help reduce and prevent fine lines and wrinkles, improve skin elasticity and firmness, but there is not enough evidence that it actually works. The biggest anti-aging effect in this product comes from sun protection. Sun damage is the main factor causing early signs of skin aging. We, however, do not recommend using this product as a sunscreen because the protection it offers is not strong enough).

TocotrienolsKey activeEffect: MediumA type of vitamin E that is more powerful in neutralizing free radicals compared to its other forms~0.3–0.7%

LysineKey activeEffect: MediumAn amino-acid that helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin. In combination with other amino-acids, might help to reduce fine lines and wrinkles~0.3–0.75%

SerineKey activeEffect: MediumAn amino-acid that helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin. In combination with other amino-acids, might help to reduce fine lines and wrinkles~0.35–0.75%

ThreonineKey activeEffect: MediumAn amino-acid that helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin. In combination with other amino-acids, might help to reduce fine lines and wrinkles~0.3–0.7%

Aspartic acidKey activeEffect: MediumAn amino-acid that helps increase skin hydration and might help to slightly improve skin firmness, potentially reducing lines and wrinkles~0.3–0.75%

Zinc gluconateEffect: Low, below effective doseTypically used to stabilize the product formulations. It is a salt of a polyhydroxy acid (PHA) and in larger concentrations, can help shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. It can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Might to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Could be helpful in neutralizing free radicals, but solid research is missing. Due to the zinc content, might help calm down inflammation in skin~0.35–0.75%

Copper gluconateEffect: Low, below effective doseTypically used to stabilize the product formulations. It is a salt of polyhydroxy acid (PHA) and in larger concentrations, can help shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. It can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Might to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Could be helpful in neutralizing free radicals, but solid research is missing~0.3–0.75%

Anti-oxidation

Not advertised by the brand · 8 ingredients credited for this claim

Strong support

This product contains antioxidants (tocotrienols) that can help neutralize free radicals in skin. By doing so, they can lessen the damage the skin gets from the UV light (sun).

TocotrienolsKey activeEffect: HighA type of vitamin E that is more powerful in neutralizing free radicals compared to its other forms~0.3–0.7%

Syzygium luehmannii fruit extractEffect: Low~0.3–0.7%

TocopherolUnder-dosedEffect: HighPure form of vitamin E. Can help moisturise and protect the skin from free radicals. Often used to help stabilise other ingredients or the formula itself~0.3–0.75%

BisabololEffect: Low, below effective doseAn active component of chamomile plant that historically has been used to calm down irritated skin. A recent study shows that bisabolol indeed can have some anti-inflammatory effect on skin, even though conclusive data is lacking. Bisabolol has a sweet floral scent and can be added to products for its aromatic properties~0.2–0.7%

Tocopheryl acetateEffect: Low, below effective doseA more stable but less bio-available form of vitamin E compared to Tocopherol. Might help moisturize and protect the skin from free radicals, but mostly used in low concentrations to stabilize other ingredients.~0.45–1%

Argania spinosa kernel oilEffect: Low, below effective doseAn emollient that helps soften the upper layer of the skin. Might have some weak anti-oxidant properties~0.5–1.2%

Can it cause trouble?

Irritancy

13 strong irritants: Santalum spicatum seed oil, Citrus aurantium dulcis oil + 11 more — patch-test recommended

High risk

We flagged 36 ingredients with irritancy potential. Severity depends on your sensitivity threshold; the table lists the worst offenders first.

IngredientFunctionIrritationEst. amount

Santalum spicatum seed oil—High~0.2–0.8%est.

Citrus aurantium dulcis oilUsed as a fragrance. It can be irritating and cause photosensitivityHigh~0.2–0.8%est.

Syzygium luehmannii fruit extract—High~0.3–0.7%est.

Citrus aurantium bergamia fruit oilA plant oil with a high content of volatile compounds that can irritate the skin and lead to allergic reactions. Can lead to photosensitivityHigh~0.2–0.7%est.

Citrus grandis peel oilA plant oil with high content of volatile compounds that, especially when exposed to air, can cause allergic reactions and irritate the skinHigh~0.15–0.7%est.

Citrus limon peel oilA highly irritating fragranceHigh~0.2–0.7%est.

Litsea cubeba fruit oilAn essential oil with a lemon-like smell that is extracted from a fruit grown in Asia. Used as a fragranceHigh~0.15–0.7%est.

Citrus aurantium bergamia leaf oil—High~0.2–0.8%est.

Pelargonium graveolens oilUsed as a fragrance. Can be irritatingHigh~0.2–0.75%est.

Citrus aurantium amara flower oilUsed as a fragrance. Can be irritatingHigh~0.2–0.75%est.

Eugenia caryophyllus leaf oilAn essential oil. Used as a fragrance. Can be irritating and sensitizingHigh~0.15–0.65%est.

LimoneneA common frangrance that can easily irritate skin, especially if exposed to air, light or heatHigh~0.1–0.5%est.

CitralA fragrance with a lemon scent. A likely irritantHigh~0.1–0.4%est.

LinaloolA fragrance. Can be irritatingHigh~0.05–0.3%est.

Pentylene glycolUsed to preserve products, dissolve other ingredients and create a nice product textureMedium~2.6–4%est.

Tribehenin peg-20 estersHelps oil and water mix togetherMedium~2–3%est.

Ethylhexyl methoxycryleneHelps improve stability of sunscreen filters and boost their effectivenessMedium~1.6–2.5%est.

Coco-caprylateAn emollient that softens skin and creates a nice product textureMedium~1.3–1.9%est.

Polyhydroxystearic acidUsed to create a thicker product consistency and stabilize the formulationMedium~1–1.5%est.

Argania spinosa kernel oilAn emollient that helps soften the upper layer of the skin. Might have some weak anti-oxidant propertiesMedium~0.5–1.2%est.

Tocopheryl acetateA more stable but less bio-available form of vitamin E compared to Tocopherol. Might help moisturize and protect the skin from free radicals, but mostly used in low concentrations to stabilize other ingredients.Medium~0.45–1%est.

PolyacrylamideUsed to improve product texture and help oil and water mix togetherMedium~0.45–1.05%est.

1,2-hexanediolA preservativeMedium~0.4–0.9%est.

Laureth-7Helps oil and water mix togetherMedium~0.3–0.75%est.

Caprylhydroxamic acidA preservativeMedium~0.2–0.8%est.

Disodium edtaStabilizes the product formulationMedium~0.2–0.8%est.

Citric acidCan work as an exfoliant but is typically used to adjust the product pHMedium~0.2–0.8%est.

Ceteareth-25Helps oil and water mix togetherMedium~0.35–0.85%est.

Sodium stearoyl lactylateHelps oil and water mix togetherMedium~0.3–0.75%est.

7-dehydrocholesterolPro-vitamin D. It is claimed to have anti-inflammatory effect in skin, but there is no research available confirming that this compound converts to vitamin D in skin or has any other benefits apart from softening the upper layer of the skin. This compound is different from the Vitamin D3 analogues used in medicine to treat psoriasisMedium~0.2–0.75%est.

Sodium lactateHelps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Is often used to adjust the pH level of the productMedium~0.35–0.8%est.

Zinc gluconateTypically used to stabilize the product formulations. It is a salt of a polyhydroxy acid (PHA) and in larger concentrations, can help shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. It can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Might to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Could be helpful in neutralizing free radicals, but solid research is missing. Due to the zinc content, might help calm down inflammation in skinMedium~0.35–0.75%est.

Behenic acidHelps water and oil mix togetherMedium~0.4–0.95%est.

Potassium sorbateA preservativeMedium~0.3–0.6%est.

Copper gluconateTypically used to stabilize the product formulations. It is a salt of polyhydroxy acid (PHA) and in larger concentrations, can help shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. It can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Might to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Could be helpful in neutralizing free radicals, but solid research is missingMedium~0.3–0.75%est.

EthylhexylglycerinA preservativeMedium~0.3–0.75%est.

Comedogenic

Clean of flagged comedogenic ingredients

None flagged

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Ingredients

Filter by role to see what each ingredient is doing.

Water~40–60%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

Plain old water

More about Water

Zinc oxide~9.9–14.9%

UV filterKey active

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Sun protection

A broad spectrum sunblock (protects from both UVA and UVB rays). Is suitable for most sensitive skins. In small concentrations, can be used as a colorant

More about Zinc oxide

Dimethicone~5.1–7.7%

Key active

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

MoisturizingMattifying

A silicone that helps to reduce water loss from the surface of the skin. Can temporarily "fill in" lines and wrinkles, absorb oil, and create a nice product finish

More about Dimethicone

Glycerin~3.2–4.8%

Key active

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Moisturizing

One of the best moisturizing ingredients. Naturally present in skin. It attracts water to the upper layer of the skin working as a humectant

More about Glycerin

Pentylene glycol~2.6–4%

Irritant · medium

Irritation risk: Medium

Works for

Moisturizing

Used to preserve products, dissolve other ingredients and create a nice product texture

More about Pentylene glycol

Peg-10 dimethicone~2.3–3.4%

Key active

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Moisturizing

A silicone that works to soften the upper layer of the skin and reduce its water loss

More about Peg-10 dimethicone

Tribehenin peg-20 esters~2–3%

Irritant · medium

Irritation risk: Medium

Works for

Cleansing

Helps oil and water mix together

More about Tribehenin peg-20 esters

Ethylhexyl methoxycrylene~1.6–2.5%

Irritant · medium

Irritation risk: Medium

Helps improve stability of sunscreen filters and boost their effectiveness

More about Ethylhexyl methoxycrylene

Coco-caprylate~1.3–1.9%

Key activeIrritant · medium

Irritation risk: Medium

Works for

Moisturizing

An emollient that softens skin and creates a nice product texture

More about Coco-caprylate

Polyhydroxystearic acid~1–1.5%

Irritant · medium

Irritation risk: Medium

Works for

Cleansing

Used to create a thicker product consistency and stabilize the formulation

More about Polyhydroxystearic acid

Propanediol~0.8–1.25%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

Acts as a solvent for other ingredients. Speeds up the absorption of other ingredients into the skin

More about Propanediol

Argania spinosa kernel oil~0.5–1.2%

Under-dosedIrritant · medium

Irritation risk: Medium

Works for

MoisturizingAnti-oxidation

An emollient that helps soften the upper layer of the skin. Might have some weak anti-oxidant properties

More about Argania spinosa kernel oil

Dimethicone crosspolymer~0.45–1.1%

Key active

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Moisturizing

Used to create a thicker product texture. Helps soften the upper layer of the skin and might be able to prevent moisture loss from its surface

More about Dimethicone crosspolymer

Polyurethane-62~0.45–1.05%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

More about Polyurethane-62

Tocopheryl acetate~0.45–1%

Irritant · medium

Irritation risk: Medium

Works for

Anti-oxidation

A more stable but less bio-available form of vitamin E compared to Tocopherol. Might help moisturize and protect the skin from free radicals, but mostly used in low concentrations to stabilize other ingredients.

More about Tocopheryl acetate

Polyacrylamide~0.45–1.05%

Irritant · medium

Irritation risk: Medium

Used to improve product texture and help oil and water mix together

More about Polyacrylamide

1,2-hexanediol~0.4–0.9%

Irritant · medium

Irritation risk: Medium

A preservative

More about 1,2-hexanediol

Silica~0.45–1.1%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

Used to absorb oil and can temporarily mattify skin

More about Silica

C13-14 isoparaffin~0.4–0.9%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Moisturizing

Helps soften the upper layer of the skin, dissolve other ingredients and create a thicker product consistency

More about C13-14 isoparaffin

Maltodextrin~0.35–0.8%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Mattifying

Used to stabilize the product formulation and can help absorb oil

More about Maltodextrin

Mica~0.35–0.85%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

Creates an illusion of smoother and more radiant skin tone. Adds shimmer to the skin by reflecting light

More about Mica

Sodium potassium aluminum silicate~0.35–0.8%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

More about Sodium potassium aluminum silicate

Tocopherol~0.3–0.75%

Under-dosed

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Anti-oxidationMoisturizingAnti-inflammatoryAnti-aging

Pure form of vitamin E. Can help moisturise and protect the skin from free radicals. Often used to help stabilise other ingredients or the formula itself

More about Tocopherol

Butylene glycol~0.2–0.8%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Moisturizing

Used to create a nice product texture and help delivery of other ingredients. Might be somewhat helpful in attracting water to the upper layer of the skin

More about Butylene glycol

Tocotrienols~0.3–0.7%

Key active

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Anti-oxidationAnti-aging

A type of vitamin E that is more powerful in neutralizing free radicals compared to its other forms

More about Tocotrienols

Laureth-7~0.3–0.75%

Irritant · medium

Irritation risk: Medium

Works for

Cleansing

Helps oil and water mix together

More about Laureth-7

Caprylhydroxamic acid~0.2–0.8%

Irritant · medium

Irritation risk: Medium

A preservative

More about Caprylhydroxamic acid

Disodium edta~0.2–0.8%

Irritant · medium

Irritation risk: Medium

Stabilizes the product formulation

More about Disodium edta

Hydrolyzed keratin~0.2–0.8%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

More about Hydrolyzed keratin

Santalum spicatum seed oil~0.2–0.8%

Irritant · high

Irritation risk: High

More about Santalum spicatum seed oil

Trideceth-10~0.35–0.85%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Cleansing

More about Trideceth-10

Voandzeia subterranea seed extract~0.2–0.8%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

More about Voandzeia subterranea seed extract

Behenyl alcohol~0.35–0.8%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Moisturizing

Non-drying alcohol that helps water and oil mix together. Also serves as an emollient

More about Behenyl alcohol

Bisabolol~0.2–0.7%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Reduces irritationAnti-inflammatoryAnti-oxidation

An active component of chamomile plant that historically has been used to calm down irritated skin. A recent study shows that bisabolol indeed can have some anti-inflammatory effect on skin, even though conclusive data is lacking. Bisabolol has a sweet floral scent and can be added to products for its aromatic properties

More about Bisabolol

Polyglyceryl-10 pentastearate~0.3–0.7%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

More about Polyglyceryl-10 pentastearate

Helianthus annuus seed oil~0.3–0.75%

Key active

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Moisturizing

A great emollient due to its high linoleic acid content. One of the most effective plant oils in helping skin hydration and repairing skin barrier function

More about Helianthus annuus seed oil

Citrus aurantium dulcis oil~0.2–0.8%

Irritant · high

Irritation risk: High

Used as a fragrance. It can be irritating and cause photosensitivity

More about Citrus aurantium dulcis oil

Anigozanthos flavidus flower extract~0.3–0.75%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

More about Anigozanthos flavidus flower extract

Davidsonia jerseyana fruit extract~0.2–0.75%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

More about Davidsonia jerseyana fruit extract

Syzygium luehmannii fruit extract~0.3–0.7%

Irritant · high

Irritation risk: High

Works for

Anti-oxidation

More about Syzygium luehmannii fruit extract

Tin oxide~0.4–0.95%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

A colorant that can add a pearl-like appearance to the formulation

More about Tin oxide

Citric acid~0.2–0.8%

Irritant · medium

Irritation risk: Medium

Can work as an exfoliant but is typically used to adjust the product pH

More about Citric acid

Ceteareth-25~0.35–0.85%

Irritant · medium

Irritation risk: Medium

Works for

Cleansing

Helps oil and water mix together

More about Ceteareth-25

Citrus aurantium bergamia fruit oil~0.2–0.7%

Irritant · high

Irritation risk: High

A plant oil with a high content of volatile compounds that can irritate the skin and lead to allergic reactions. Can lead to photosensitivity

More about Citrus aurantium bergamia fruit oil

Citrus grandis peel oil~0.15–0.7%

Irritant · high

Irritation risk: High

A plant oil with high content of volatile compounds that, especially when exposed to air, can cause allergic reactions and irritate the skin

More about Citrus grandis peel oil

Citrus limon peel oil~0.2–0.7%

Irritant · high

Irritation risk: High

A highly irritating fragrance

More about Citrus limon peel oil

Fructose~0.2–0.8%

Key active

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Moisturizing

Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin

More about Fructose

Litsea cubeba fruit oil~0.15–0.7%

Irritant · high

Irritation risk: High

Works for

Antibacterial

An essential oil with a lemon-like smell that is extracted from a fruit grown in Asia. Used as a fragrance

More about Litsea cubeba fruit oil

Sodium hydroxide~0.3–0.7%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

Used to adjust the product's pH

More about Sodium hydroxide

Urea~0.3–0.7%

Hero · Moisturizing

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

MoisturizingExfoliation

Naturally present in skin (urea makes up about 7% of natural moisturizing factors in skin). Attracts water to the upper layer of the skin. Also has a positive effect on the skin barrier beyond the humectant action. Can enhance penetration of other ingredients. Is an exfoliating ingredient when used in high concentrations

More about Urea

Citrus aurantium bergamia leaf oil~0.2–0.8%

Irritant · high

Irritation risk: High

More about Citrus aurantium bergamia leaf oil

Juniperus mexicana oil~0.2–0.8%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

More about Juniperus mexicana oil

Pelargonium graveolens oil~0.2–0.75%

Irritant · high

Irritation risk: High

Used as a fragrance. Can be irritating

More about Pelargonium graveolens oil

Citrus aurantium amara flower oil~0.2–0.75%

Irritant · high

Irritation risk: High

Used as a fragrance. Can be irritating

More about Citrus aurantium amara flower oil

Eugenia caryophyllus leaf oil~0.15–0.65%

Irritant · high

Irritation risk: High

An essential oil. Used as a fragrance. Can be irritating and sensitizing

More about Eugenia caryophyllus leaf oil

Sodium stearoyl lactylate~0.3–0.75%

Irritant · medium

Irritation risk: Medium

Works for

Cleansing

Helps oil and water mix together

More about Sodium stearoyl lactylate

Ceramide np~0.35–0.75%

Hero · Moisturizing

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

MoisturizingAnti-inflammatoryReduces irritation

A type of lipid similar to ceramides naturally present in skin. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin

More about Ceramide np

7-dehydrocholesterol~0.2–0.75%

Key activeIrritant · medium

Irritation risk: Medium

Works for

Moisturizing

Pro-vitamin D. It is claimed to have anti-inflammatory effect in skin, but there is no research available confirming that this compound converts to vitamin D in skin or has any other benefits apart from softening the upper layer of the skin. This compound is different from the Vitamin D3 analogues used in medicine to treat psoriasis

More about 7-dehydrocholesterol

Cetyl alcohol~0.35–0.85%

Key active

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

CleansingMoisturizing

A non-drying alcohol that works to soften the skin and stabilize product formulations helping oil and water mix together

More about Cetyl alcohol

Elaeis guineensis oil~0.35–0.85%

Key active

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Moisturizing

Helps soften the upper layer of the skin

More about Elaeis guineensis oil

Melanin~0.35–0.75%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

More about Melanin

Allantoin~0.3–0.7%

Under-dosed

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Anti-inflammatoryMoisturizingAnti-blemishReduces rednessReduces irritationExfoliation

Helps calm down inflammation in skin and can help reduce itching. Helps to repair the skin barrier and keep skin hydrated

More about Allantoin

Maltose~0.3–0.75%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

More about Maltose

Sodium chloride~0.35–0.85%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

Used to stabilize mixtures of oil and water, and create thicker, gel-like product textures

More about Sodium chloride

Sodium lactate~0.35–0.8%

Key activeIrritant · medium

Irritation risk: Medium

Works for

Moisturizing

Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Is often used to adjust the pH level of the product

More about Sodium lactate

Sodium pca~0.35–0.8%

Key active

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Moisturizing

Naturally present in skin and helps to attract water to its upper layer

More about Sodium pca

Trehalose~0.35–0.8%

Key active

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Moisturizing

A sugar that attracts water to the upper layer of the skin

More about Trehalose

Magnesium aspartate~0.3–0.75%

Key active

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

MoisturizingAnti-inflammatory

Might be helpful in restoring skin barrier function and calm down inflammation in skin

More about Magnesium aspartate

Zinc gluconate~0.35–0.75%

Under-dosedIrritant · medium

Irritation risk: Medium

Works for

MoisturizingAnti-inflammatoryAnti-agingAnti-blemishAnti-oxidationExfoliationEvens skin tone

Typically used to stabilize the product formulations. It is a salt of a polyhydroxy acid (PHA) and in larger concentrations, can help shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. It can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Might to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Could be helpful in neutralizing free radicals, but solid research is missing. Due to the zinc content, might help calm down inflammation in skin

More about Zinc gluconate

Behenic acid~0.4–0.95%

Irritant · medium

Irritation risk: Medium

Works for

Cleansing

Helps water and oil mix together

More about Behenic acid

Ceramide ap~0.3–0.75%

Hero · Moisturizing

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Reduces irritationMoisturizingAnti-inflammatory

More about Ceramide ap

Cholesterol~0.35–0.85%

Key active

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

CleansingMoisturizing

An emollient that is naturally found in skin

More about Cholesterol

Ceramide ng~0.35–0.8%

Hero · Moisturizing

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

MoisturizingAnti-inflammatory

More about Ceramide ng

Phytosphingosine~0.4–0.9%

Hero · Moisturizing

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

MoisturizingAnti-blemishAnti-inflammatory

A type of lipid that is naturally present in skin. It might help in repairing skin barrier function and has anti-bacterial effect

More about Phytosphingosine

Ceramide ns~0.35–0.8%

Hero · Moisturizing

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

MoisturizingAnti-inflammatory

More about Ceramide ns

Sodium hyaluronate~0.35–0.8%

Key active

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Moisturizing

One of the best moisturizing ingredients. Attracts water into the upper layer of the skin

More about Sodium hyaluronate

Glycine~0.3–0.75%

Key active

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Moisturizing

Helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin and can help restore the skin barrier function

More about Glycine

Acetyl tetrapeptide-22~0.3–0.75%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

More about Acetyl tetrapeptide-22

Phenoxyethanol~0.35–0.8%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

A preservative. It helps prevent bacterial growth in cosmetic products

More about Phenoxyethanol

Potassium sorbate~0.3–0.6%

Irritant · medium

Irritation risk: Medium

A preservative

More about Potassium sorbate

Sodium benzoate~0.25–0.5%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

A preservative

More about Sodium benzoate

Serine~0.35–0.75%

Key active

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

MoisturizingAnti-aging

An amino-acid that helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin. In combination with other amino-acids, might help to reduce fine lines and wrinkles

More about Serine

Glutamic acid~0.3–0.75%

Key active

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Moisturizing

An amino-acid that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin

More about Glutamic acid

Ceramide eop~0.35–0.8%

Hero · Moisturizing

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Reduces irritationMoisturizingAnti-inflammatory

More about Ceramide eop

Ceramide eos~0.3–0.75%

Hero · Moisturizing

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

MoisturizingAnti-inflammatory

More about Ceramide eos

Copper gluconate~0.3–0.75%

Under-dosedIrritant · medium

Irritation risk: Medium

Works for

MoisturizingAnti-blemishExfoliationAnti-oxidationAnti-agingEvens skin tone

Typically used to stabilize the product formulations. It is a salt of polyhydroxy acid (PHA) and in larger concentrations, can help shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. It can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Might to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Could be helpful in neutralizing free radicals, but solid research is missing

More about Copper gluconate

Glucose~0.3–0.75%

Key active

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Moisturizing

Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Could be helpful in restoring the skin barrier function

More about Glucose

Aspartic acid~0.3–0.75%

Key active

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

MoisturizingAnti-aging

An amino-acid that helps increase skin hydration and might help to slightly improve skin firmness, potentially reducing lines and wrinkles

More about Aspartic acid

Leucine~0.3–0.75%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

More about Leucine

Caprooyl phytosphingosine~0.35–0.8%

Hero · Moisturizing

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

MoisturizingAnti-inflammatory

A component of ceramides. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin

More about Caprooyl phytosphingosine

Caprooyl sphingosine~0.3–0.75%

Hero · Moisturizing

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

MoisturizingAnti-inflammatory

A component of ceramides. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and supports the skin barrier function to keep it hydrated. Can help to prevent inflammation in skin

More about Caprooyl sphingosine

Alanine~0.3–0.75%

Key active

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

MoisturizingEvens skin tone

An amino-acid that helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might help to lighten the skin, but solid evidence is lacking

More about Alanine

Lysine~0.3–0.75%

Key active

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

MoisturizingAnti-aging

An amino-acid that helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin. In combination with other amino-acids, might help to reduce fine lines and wrinkles

More about Lysine

Ethylhexylglycerin~0.3–0.75%

Irritant · medium

Irritation risk: Medium

A preservative

More about Ethylhexylglycerin

Arginine~0.3–0.7%

Key active

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Moisturizing

An amino acid that is naturally present in skin and helps keep it hydrated. When used together with AHAs, it can reduce their irritating effect on the skin

More about Arginine

Tyrosine~0.35–0.75%

Key active

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Moisturizing

More about Tyrosine

Phenylalanine~0.35–0.75%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

More about Phenylalanine

Proline~0.35–0.75%

Key active

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Moisturizing

More about Proline

Threonine~0.3–0.7%

Key active

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

MoisturizingAnti-aging

An amino-acid that helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin. In combination with other amino-acids, might help to reduce fine lines and wrinkles

More about Threonine

Valine~0.2–0.8%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

More about Valine

Isoleucine~0.2–0.7%

Key active

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Moisturizing

An amino acid that can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and support skin's barrier function

More about Isoleucine

Histidine~0.15–0.65%

Key active

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Moisturizing

More about Histidine

Limonene~0.1–0.5%

Irritant · high

Irritation risk: High

A common frangrance that can easily irritate skin, especially if exposed to air, light or heat

More about Limonene

Citral~0.1–0.4%

Irritant · high

Irritation risk: High

A fragrance with a lemon scent. A likely irritant

More about Citral

Linalool~0.05–0.3%

Irritant · high

Irritation risk: High

A fragrance. Can be irritating

More about Linalool

Ci 77891~0.1–0.35%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

More about Ci 77891

Titanium dioxide~0.1–0.45%

UV filterUnder-dosed

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Sun protection

Works as a UV filter when used in high concentrations. It is photostable and is effective mostly against the UVB light, with some protection in the UVA range. In small concentrations, used for its ability to improve the color of cosmetic products. Is usually well tolerated by the skin

More about Titanium dioxide

Ci 77491~0.05–0.25%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

A red colorant made of iron oxide. Typically is not irritating

More about Ci 77491

Iron oxides~0.05–0.2%

Formula

Irritation risk: Low

Works for

Sun protection

An umbrella term for the following three colorants: CI 77491, CI 77492, CI 77499. They might be able to offer some protection against visible light, but the degree of the protection is not clear

More about Iron oxides

Ingredient list view

Water, Zinc oxide, Dimethicone, Glycerin, Pentylene glycol, Peg-10 dimethicone, Tribehenin peg-20 esters, Ethylhexyl methoxycrylene, Coco-caprylate, Polyhydroxystearic acid, Propanediol, Argania spinosa kernel oil, Dimethicone crosspolymer, Polyurethane-62, Tocopheryl acetate, Polyacrylamide, 1,2-hexanediol, Silica, C13-14 isoparaffin, Maltodextrin, Mica, Sodium potassium aluminum silicate, Tocopherol, Butylene glycol, Tocotrienols, Laureth-7, Caprylhydroxamic acid, Disodium edta, Hydrolyzed keratin, Santalum spicatum seed oil, Trideceth-10, Voandzeia subterranea seed extract, Behenyl alcohol, Bisabolol, Polyglyceryl-10 pentastearate, Helianthus annuus seed oil, Citrus aurantium dulcis oil, Anigozanthos flavidus flower extract, Davidsonia jerseyana fruit extract, Syzygium luehmannii fruit extract, Tin oxide, Citric acid, Ceteareth-25, Citrus aurantium bergamia fruit oil, Citrus grandis peel oil, Citrus limon peel oil, Fructose, Litsea cubeba fruit oil, Sodium hydroxide, Urea, Citrus aurantium bergamia leaf oil, Juniperus mexicana oil, Pelargonium graveolens oil, Citrus aurantium amara flower oil, Eugenia caryophyllus leaf oil, Sodium stearoyl lactylate, Ceramide np, 7-dehydrocholesterol, Cetyl alcohol, Elaeis guineensis oil, Melanin, Allantoin, Maltose, Sodium chloride, Sodium lactate, Sodium pca, Trehalose, Magnesium aspartate, Zinc gluconate, Behenic acid, Ceramide ap, Cholesterol, Ceramide ng, Phytosphingosine, Ceramide ns, Sodium hyaluronate, Glycine, Acetyl tetrapeptide-22, Phenoxyethanol, Potassium sorbate, Sodium benzoate, Serine, Glutamic acid, Ceramide eop, Ceramide eos, Copper gluconate, Glucose, Aspartic acid, Leucine, Caprooyl phytosphingosine, Caprooyl sphingosine, Alanine, Lysine, Ethylhexylglycerin, Arginine, Tyrosine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Threonine, Valine, Isoleucine, Histidine, Limonene, Citral, Linalool, Ci 77891, Titanium dioxide, Ci 77491, Iron oxides

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Product summary

"Rationale - #3 The Enriched Crème SPF15" offers broad spectrum protection. It means that it protects from both UVA and UVB rays (you can remember UVB as "burning" sunlight - they cause sunburn. You can remember UVA rays as "aging" - they do not lead to sunburn, but they cause photodamage and contribute to early signs of skin aging and hyperpigmentation). On the negative side, the SPF of it is not high enough. We recommend to use a sunscreen with at least SPF 30 daily.

It contains good moisturizing ingredients and can double as a hydrating day cream.

Sunscreen filters

This product is a mineral sunscreen. It uses zinc oxide for sun protection. Zinc oxide almost never irritates the skin or stings eyes, but it can leave a white cast.

Irritation risk

There are quite a few common irritants in this product, including ingredients without particular skin benefits. We would not recommend it for sensitive skin. We assess the overall irritancy of it to be high. For a detailed overview of all potential irritants: click here

You can see the detailed formula review with the breakdown of all actives in the product and the full ingredient list with estimated concentrations in the tables below.

Sources cited in this review

Every concentration estimate and effectiveness label is anchored to one of these 61 studies and safety reviews.

1
A review of inorganic UV filters zinc oxide and titanium dioxideonlinelibrary.wiley.com
2
Risk assessment of zinc oxide, a cosmetic ingredient used as a UV filter of sunscreensncbi.nlm.nih.gov
3
Characterization of the UVA protection provided by avobenzone, zinc oxide, and titanium dioxide in broad-spectrum sunscreen productsncbi.nlm.nih.gov
4
Ultraviolet Protection Properties of Commercial Sunscreens and Sunscreens Containing Zno Nanorodsiopscience.iop.org
5
ZnO nanoparticles and organic chemical UV-filters are equally well tolerated by human immune cellsncbi.nlm.nih.gov
6
Dimethicone as a protective ingredient in topical medicationsjaad.org
7
Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Dimethicone Copolyoljournals.sagepub.com
8
Glycerol and the skin: holistic approach to its origin and functionsncbi.nlm.nih.gov
9
Natural vegetable fats in the prevention of irritant contact dermatitisncbi.nlm.nih.gov
10
The influence of alkane chain length on the skin irritation potential of 1,2-alkanediolsncbi.nlm.nih.gov
11
Safety Assessment of Isoparaffins as Used in Cosmeticsjournals.sagepub.com
12
Vitamin E in dermatologyncbi.nlm.nih.gov
13
Vitamin E and Skin Healthlpi.oregonstate.edu
14
Safety Assessment of Tocopherols and Tocotrienols as Used in Cosmeticsjournals.sagepub.com
15
Tocotrienol‐rich fraction attenuates UV‐induced inflammaging: A bench to bedside studyonlinelibrary.wiley.com
16
Tocotrienols: Vitamin E beyond tocopherolssciencedirect.com
17
Clinical evaluation of photoprotective effect by a topical antioxidants combination (tocopherols and tocotrienols)onlinelibrary.wiley.com
18
Tocotrienols: the unsaturated sidekick shifting new paradigms in vitamin E therapeuticspdfs.semanticscholar.org
19
α-(-)-Bisabolol Reduces Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Production and Ameliorates Skin Inflammationresearchgate.net
20
Effect of Olive and Sunflower Seed Oil on the Adult Skin Barrier: Implications for Neonatal Skin Careonlinelibrary.wiley.com
21
Topically Applied Sunflower Seed Oil Prevents Invasive Bacterial Infections in Preterm Infants in Egyptjournals.lww.com
22
Effect of topically applied lipids on surfactant-irritated skinonlinelibrary.wiley.com
23
Impact of topical oils on the skin barrier: possible implications for neonatal health in developing countriesonlinelibrary.wiley.com
24
Safety Assessment of Citrus-Derived Peel Oils as Used in Cosmeticscir-safety.org
25
Oxidized citrus oil (R-limonene): A frequent skin sensitizer in Europesciencedirect.com
26
Air oxidation increases skin irritation from fragrance terpenesonlinelibrary.wiley.com
27
Safety Assessment of Tin(IV) Oxide as Used in Cosmeticscir-safety.org
28
Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Ceteareth-2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9, -10, -11, -12, -13, -14, -15, -16, -17, -18,-20,-22,-23,-24,-25,-27, -28, -29, -30, -33, -34, -40, -50, -55, -60, -80, and -100journals.sagepub.com
29
Oxidized citrus oil (R-limonene): A frequent skin sensitizer in Europesciencedirect.com
30
Ethnopharmacological Properties and Medicinal Uses of Litsea cubebancbi.nlm.nih.gov
31
Topical urea in skincare: A reviewpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
32
Biological Activities and Safety of Citrus spp. Essential Oilsncbi.nlm.nih.gov
33
Skin hydration is significantly increased by a cream formulated to mimic the skin’s own natural moisturizing systemsncbi.nlm.nih.gov
34
Topically Applied Ceramides Interact with the Stratum Corneum Lipid Matrix in Compromised Ex Vivo Skinncbi.nlm.nih.gov
35
Vitamin D Regulation of Cathelicidin in the Skin: Toward a Renaissance of Vitamin D in Dermatology?sciencedirect.com
36
Off-Label Uses of Topical Vitamin D in Dermatology: A Systematic Reviewjournals.sagepub.com
37
The Rationale Behind Topical Vitamin D Analogs in the Treatment of Psoriasisncbi.nlm.nih.gov
38
Genetic Architecture of Palm Oil Fatty Acid Composition in Cultivated Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Compared to Its Wild Relative E. oleifera (H.B.K) Cortésjournals.plos.org
39
Nutrient composition of Nigerian palm kernel from the dura and tenera varieties of the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis)sciencedirect.com
40
Profile of wound healing process induced by allantoinscielo.br
41
Magnesium ions inhibit the antigen-presenting function of human epidermal Langerhans cells in vivo and in vitro. Involvement of ATPase, HLA-DR, B7 molecules, and cytokinesncbi.nlm.nih.gov
42
Zinc salts in dermatologyncbi.nlm.nih.gov
43
An overview of zinc and its importance in dermatology-Part II: The association of zinc with some dermatologic disordersoatext.com
44
Zinc, copper and manganese enhanced keratinocyte migration through a functional modulation of keratinocyte integrinsncbi.nlm.nih.gov
45
Evaluation of the effects of topical zinc gluconate in wound healingncbi.nlm.nih.gov
46
A polyhydroxy acid skin care regimen provides antiaging effects comparable to an alpha-hydroxyacid regimenncbi.nlm.nih.gov
47
Applications of hydroxy acids: classification, mechanisms, and photoactivityncbi.nlm.nih.gov
48
Topical emulsions containing ceramides: Effects on the skin barrier function and anti‐inflammatory propertiesonlinelibrary.wiley.com
49
Hyaluronic acid: A key molecule in skin agingncbi.nlm.nih.gov
50
Hyaluronan (Hyaluronic Acid): a natural moisturizer for skin careresearchgate.net
51
Effect of Topical Application of Glycine and Proline on Recalcitrant Leg Ulcers of Prolidase Deficiencyjamanetwork.com
52
Functional glycine receptor in cultured human keratinocytesonlinelibrary.wiley.com
53
Topical palmitoyl pentapeptide provides improvement in photoaged human facial skinonlinelibrary.wiley.com
54
Topical Glucose Induces Claudin-1 and Filaggrin Expression in a Mouse Model of Atopic Dermatitis and in Keratinocyte Culture, Exerting Anti-inflammatory Effects by Repairing Skin Barrier Functionncbi.nlm.nih.gov
55
Acetyl aspartic acid, a novel active ingredient, demonstrates potential to improve signs of skin ageing: from consumer need to clinical proofncbi.nlm.nih.gov
56
In vivo topical application of acetyl aspartic acid increases fibrillin-1 and collagen IV deposition leading to a significant improvement of skin firmnessncbi.nlm.nih.gov
57
Safety Assessment of Ceramides as Used in Cosmeticscir-safety.org
58
Combination of amino acids reduces pigmentation in B16F0 melanoma cellsncbi.nlm.nih.gov
59
Local rhamnosoft, ceramides and L‐isoleucine in atopic eczema: a randomized, placebo controlled trialonlinelibrary.wiley.com
60
Histidine and/or Histidine Derivative for the Treatment of Inflammatory Skin Diseasespatents.google.com
61
Safety Assessment of α-Amino Acids as Used in Cosmeticsciteseerx.ist.psu.edu

Rationale#3 The Enriched Crème SPF15

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