Beta-glucan

GLYCOLIC ACID

An alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA) that helps to remove the dead skin cells on the surface of the skin reveling a more even, smoother complexation. It is also able to stimulate collagen production with long-term use. Could help to reduce pore congestion. It can be irritating to the skin. Apply sunscreen daily if using products with glycolic acid

TRIPEPTIDE-29

LYCIUM BARBARUM FRUIT EXTRACT

A plant extract that can help neutralize free radicals in skin and attract water to its upper layer

ACETYL TETRAPEPTIDE-11

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

LYSINE

An amino-acid that helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin. In combination with other amino-acids, might help to reduce fine lines and wrinkles

VITIS VINIFERA SEED EXTRACT

A plant extract that contains resveratrol and other anti-oxidant compounds that can help neutralize free radicals, reduce inflammation in skin and even out its tone. Can be also used to stabilize the product formulation

MADECASSOSIDE

An antioxidant that is typically derived from plant Centella Asiatica. It can help neutralize free radicals in skin and support skin barrier function. It could, however, itself be irritating. It is often unstable in formulations

MAGNESIUM ALUMINUM SILICATE

Might be helpful in restoring skin barrier function and, when combined with zinc carbonate and malonic acid, reducing fine lines and wrinkles by stimulating elastin production. Also helps stabilize the product formulation

MAGNESIUM ASCORBYL PHOSPHATE

A derivative of vitamin C that is more stable, but less bioavailable than the pure form of vitamin C. It does not penetrate the skin well, but has been shown to convert to pure vitamin C once in skin. It can be helpful in stimulating collagen production and lightening the skin tone, but the required concentration is likely to be very high

MAGNESIUM PALMITOYL GLUTAMATE

An amino acid that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Might be helpful against lines and wrinkles, but evidence of effectiveness is lacking

ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA EXTRACT

Plant extract that might be helpful in repairing sun damage but evidence of effectiveness in skin are lacking

MALTOBIONIC ACID

A polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that helps shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. Is genter than AHAs. In addition, it helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. It has been shown to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Might help reduce fine lines and wrinkles and improve skin tone with long-term application. Can help neutralize free radicals

TRIPEPTIDE-13

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

TRIPEPTIDE-10 CITRULLINE

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

ACETYL HEPTAPEPTIDE-9

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

ACETYL TETRAPEPTIDE-15

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

TRIPEPTIDE-10

ARGANIA SPINOSA SPROUT CELL EXTRACT

Plant stem cell extract. Can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals

MYRISTOYL HEXAPEPTIDE-16

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

ACETYL TETRAPEPTIDE-17

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

MYRISTOYL NONAPEPTIDE-3

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

ACETYL CYCLOHEXAPEPTIDE-34

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

ACETYL TETRAPEPTIDE-2

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

MYRISTOYL PENTAPEPTIDE-17

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

MYRISTOYL PENTAPEPTIDE-8

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

ARGININE PCA

An amino-acid. Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and can help neutralize free radicals in skin

ARGININE/LYSINE POLYPEPTIDE

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

N-PROLYL PALMITOYL TRIPEPTIDE-56 ACETATE

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

TRIPEPTIDE-1

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

NIACIN

A form of vitamin B3. It is similar in action to niacinamide, but is more likely to cause red flashes in skin as the side effect

TRIFLUOROACETYL TRIPEPTIDE-2

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

ACETYL HEXAPEPTIDE-1

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

NIACINAMIDE

Is proven to be effective in reducing blemishes, evening out skin tone and helping to improve lines and wrinkles. It helps the skin to repair sun damage, calm down inflammation and keep maintain good levels of moisture

NIACINAMIDE/YEAST POLYPEPTIDE

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

ACETYL TETRAPEPTIDE-3

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

NICOTIANA BENTHAMIANA HEXAPEPTIDE-40 SH-OLIGOPEPTIDE-1

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

NICOTIANA BENTHAMIANA HEXAPEPTIDE-40 SH-POLYPEPTIDE-76

A fusion peptide that combines peptides produced by human and plant cells. It might have anti-aging effect in skin and can help the skin moisturization

VALPROOYL OLIGOPEPTIDE-33

NICOTIANA SYLVESTRIS LEAF CELL CULTURE

Has been claimed to have an ability to protect collagen and stimulate its production in skin but further research is lacking so far

NICOTINOYL TRIPEPTIDE-1

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

NONAPEPTIDE-1

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

OCTAPEPTIDE-2

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

OCTAPEPTIDE-7

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

TOCOTRIENOLS

A type of vitamin E that is more powerful in neutralizing free radicals compared to its other forms

OLEANOLIC ACID

Might be helpful against blemishes, work as an anti-oxidant, reduce inflammation and improve skin's ability to hold on to moisture, but more research is needed to confirm its effectiveness when applied topically to human skin

OLEOYL DIPEPTIDE-15

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

OLEOYL TETRAPEPTIDE-31

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

CHRYSIN

Might be helpful in reducing fine lines and wrinkles, as well as lightening the skin, but solid evidence is missing. Could somewhat help in reducing the darkness of the under-eye area. Helps to neutralise free radicals in skin

OLIGOPEPTIDE-1

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

CIS-RETINOIC ACID

ASCORBIC ACID

The most well-researched antioxidant that works in skin. Helps neutralize free radicals supporting collagen production, helping to even out the skin tone and preventing early signs of aging

OLIGOPEPTIDE-10

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

OLIGOPEPTIDE-24

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

OLIGOPEPTIDE-3

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

OLIGOPEPTIDE-30

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

ASCORBIC ACID POLYPEPTIDE

A type of peptide. Might help neutralize free radicals in skin. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

OLIGOPEPTIDE-31

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

OLIGOPEPTIDE-32

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

OLIGOPEPTIDE-33

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

OLIGOPEPTIDE-34

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

OLIGOPEPTIDE-35

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

ACETYL TETRAPEPTIDE-5

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

OLIGOPEPTIDE-4

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

OLIGOPEPTIDE-41

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

OLIGOPEPTIDE-5

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

OLIGOPEPTIDE-68

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

OLIGOPEPTIDE-9

ASCORBYL GLUCOSIDE

A vitamin C derivative that is more stable but less potent than pure form of vitamin C. Has a potential to boost collagen production, nutralise free radicals and reduce hyperpigmentation, but the required concentration is likely to be much higher than for the pure form of vitamin C, limiting the ingredient's effectiveness in products

ASCORBYL RETINOATE

1-TRIMETHYL-2-CYCLOHEXENYL-1-PENTEN-3-ONE

PALMITOYL DECAPEPTIDE-21

COPPER GLUCONATE

Typically used to stabilize the product formulations. It is a salt of polyhydroxy acid (PHA) and in larger concentrations, can help shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. It can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Might to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Could be helpful in neutralizing free radicals, but solid research is missing

PALMITOYL DIPEPTIDE-10

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

PALMITOYL DIPEPTIDE-28 D-SERINE DIPEPTIDE-7 PALMITAMIDE

PALMITOYL DIPEPTIDE-5 DIAMINOBUTYROYL HYDROXYTHREONINE

PALMITOYL HEPTAPEPTIDE-18

ASCORBYL TETRAISOPALMITATE

A vitamin C derivative. Studies show that is might be effective in reducing hyperpigmentation, but there are no studies confirming that it is effectively converted into the bioavailable form of Vitamin C in skin. It is not clear how this derivative compares in effectiveness to the topical application of bioavailable form of vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid)

PALMITOYL HEXAPEPTIDE-12

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

COPPER HEPTAPEPTIDE-14 PANTOTHENATE

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

PALMITOYL HEXAPEPTIDE-14

COPPER PALMITOYL HEPTAPEPTIDE-14

A synthetic peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles. Can help speed up wound healing

PALMITOYL HEXAPEPTIDE-19

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

PALMITOYL HEXAPEPTIDE-52

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

ACETYL HEXAPEPTIDE-30

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

PALMITOYL OLIGOPEPTIDE

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

COPPER TRIPEPTIDE-1

A naturally occurring peptide. One of the most studied peptides in dermatology. It is sometimes abbreviated GHK-Cu. Belongs to the class of carrier peptides. It stimulates both synthesis and breakdown of collagen in skin. It is released in skin wounds and inflammation to support healing. It accelerates wound-healing of the skin and can stimulate hair growth. There are preliminary studies that confirm that copper tripeptide can help support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles and decrease inflammation in skin.

PALMITOYL PENTAPEPTIDE-4

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

PALMITOYL PROLINE

An amino-acid that helps attract watet to the upper layer of the skin and might have some anti-aging properties

PALMITOYL SH-TRIPEPTIDE-4 AMIDE

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

PALMITOYL SH-TRIPEPTIDE-5 NORISOLEUCYL SH-NONAPEPTIDE-1

PALMITOYL TETRAPEPTIDE-50

PALMITOYL TETRAPEPTIDE-7

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

PALMITOYL TRIPEPTIDE-1

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

CREATINE

Can support skin's ability to neutralize free radicals and produce collagen, though further research is needed to confirm effectiveness

PALMITOYL TRIPEPTIDE-1 ACETATE

ASIATICOSIDE

An active compound of Centella Asiatica plant extract. In combination with other active compounds of Centella Asiatica extract (madecasosside, asiatic acid and madecassic acid), asiaticoside has been shown to be helpful in wound-healing, restoring skin barrier function and supporting collagen production in skin. It can, however, itself be irritating

PALMITOYL TRIPEPTIDE-28

PALMITOYL TRIPEPTIDE-31

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

PALMITOYL TRIPEPTIDE-37

PALMITOYL TRIPEPTIDE-38

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

PALMITOYL TRIPEPTIDE-4

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

PALMITOYL TRIPEPTIDE-5

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

PALMITOYL TRIPEPTIDE-56

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

PALMITOYL TRIPEPTIDE-8

ACETYL TETRAPEPTIDE-9

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

PANTHENYL TRIACETATE

A stable oil-soluble derivative of vitamin B5. It can help support skin barrier and reduce inflammation in skin

ACETYL DECAPEPTIDE-3

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

ASPARTIC ACID

An amino-acid that helps increase skin hydration and might help to slightly improve skin firmness, potentially reducing lines and wrinkles

PANTOTHENIC ACID/YEAST POLYPEPTIDE

CYCLOTETRAPEPTIDE-24 AMINOCYCLOHEXANE CARBOXYLATE

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

ACETYL HEXAPEPTIDE-37

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

ASTAXANTHIN

Helps neutralize free radicals in skin and might help to calm down inflammation

DECAPEPTIDE-1

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

PENTAPEPTIDE-18

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

DECAPEPTIDE-22

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

PENTAPEPTIDE-28

DECARBOXY CARNOSINE HCL

Might be able to protect the skin from free radicals, but further evidence of effectiveness is needed

PENTAPEPTIDE-34 TRIFLUOROACETATE

A type of peptide that works as a great moisturizer. It might also have some anti-aging effect and help neutralize free radicals in skin

PENTAPEPTIDE-4

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

ACETYL TYROSINAMIDE

An amino acid derivative. A manufacturer's study shows that it can help somewhat reduce wrinkles when used in combination with a low concentration of glycolic acid. No independent human in-vivo studies of this compound are available

ATELOCOLLAGEN

A protein that helps to attract moisture to the upper layer of the skin and might be helpful in reducing fine lines and wrinkles

PENTAPEPTIDE-48

A type of peptide. Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have anti-aging benefits

PENTAPEPTIDE-59

DIMETHYLBUTANONE RETINOATE

DIPALMITOYL HYDROXYPROLINE

Is claimed to stimulate collagen and elastin production, as well as work as an anti-oxidant. There is however not enough evidence for its effectiveness

PHLORETIN

An antioxidant. Can help neutralize free radicals in skin

PHYLLANTHUS EMBLICA FRUIT EXTRACT

A plant extract that might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals and have a skin lightening effect if used in high enough concentrations

DIPEPTIDE DIAMINOBUTYROYL BENZYLAMIDE DIACETATE

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

DIPEPTIDE-1

A type of peptide. Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and might have anti-aging benefits

DIPEPTIDE-2

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

3-O-ETHYL ASCORBIC ACID

A vitamin C derivative that is more stable but less potent than pure form of vitamin C. Can help neutralize free radicals and help reduce hyperpigmentation, but the required concentration is likely to be much higher than for the pure form of vitamin C, limiting the ingredient's effectiveness in products

DIPEPTIDE-4

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

PISUM SATIVUM PEPTIDE

DIPEPTIDE-8

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

AZELAOYL BIS-DIPEPTIDE-10

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

PRUNUS PERSICA LEAF EXTRACT

Might be helpful in supporting collagen and ellastin production but solid research is lacking. Could be irritating

RESVERATROL

Helps neutralize free radicals in skin and might help reduce fine lines and wrinkles, as well as even out the skin tone

RETINAL

One step removed from the biologically active in skin form of vitamin A. Once converted to the retinoic acid in the skin, retinal is proven to be effective against all signs of aging. It improves skin cell turnover, helps fight blemishes and clogged pores, can regulate excess oil production and even skin tone. Concentrations of 0.05% and 0.1% are shown to be effective. It can, however, be irritating

RETINOL

Two steps removed from the active form of vitamin A - retinoic acid. Once converted to the retinoic acid in the skin, retinol is proven to be effective against all signs of aging. It improves skin cell turnover, helps fight blemishes and clogged pores, can regulate excess oil production and even skin tone. It can, however, be quite irritating

RETINYL ACETATE

RETINYL LINOLEATE

An ester of a retinoid and linoleic acid. Three steps removed from the bioactive form of retinoid, retinoic acid. Once converted to retinoic acid in skin, it can help reduce wrinkles, stimulate collagen production, even out skin tone and reduce blemishes. The concentrations used in cosmetic products are often not high enough to have a positive effect in skin.

TOCOPHEROL

Pure form of vitamin E. Can help moisturise and protect the skin from free radicals. Often used to help stabilise other ingredients or the formula itself

RETINYL PALMITATE

Three steps removed from the active form of vitamin A - retinoic acid. To have an effect in the skin, it first needs to be converted twice to become the retinoic acid. This means it is less potent than retinol, but could also be less irritating. Once converted to the retinoic acid in the skin, it helps against all signs of aging, improves skin cell turnover and helps fight blemishes and clogged pores. However, in many cosmetic formulations, it is used in a concentration that is too low to have the full effect

THREONINE

An amino-acid that helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin. In combination with other amino-acids, might help to reduce fine lines and wrinkles

THIOCTIC ACID

RETINYL PROPIONATE

Three steps removed from the active form of vitamin A - retinoic acid. To have an effect in the skin, it first needs to be converted twice to become the retinoic acid. This means it is less potent than retinol, but could also be less irritating. Once converted to the retinoic acid in the skin, it helps against all signs of aging, improves skin cell turnover and helps fight blemishes and clogged pores, even thought its potency is not as well established as in case of retinol or retinaldehyde

RETINYL RETINOATE

A "hybrid" of retinol and retinoic acid. It is more stable than retinol and is likely to be more effective based on the early research data available. Is as irritating as retinol

RH-OLIGOPEPTIDE-17

RH-OLIGOPEPTIDE-33

RHAMNOSE

Helps oil and water mix together. It also helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin

BAKUCHIOL

A plant extract that is, though different in chemical structure, acts similar to retinoids. First studies show that it can help reduce fine lines and wrinkles, improve skin tone, reduce clogged pores and blemishes, and reduce inflammation. There is no conclusive evidence that bakuchiol is as effective as retinol however. The study that directly compared retinol with bakuchiol used bakuchiol applied twice daily compared to once per day for the retinol. According to this study, bakuchiol is less irritating than retinol. Bakuchiol is extracted from seeds of Babchi plant. Other parts of the plant contain coumarins that could cause allergic and irritant reactions. These compounds should be removed in the extraction process when bakuchiol is produced, but it is a good idea to be cautious and stay away from products that include the Babchi plant extracts other than purified bakuchiol to avoid irritation

EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATE

A polyphenol found in tea. This particular compound abbreviated EGCG is the most powerful antioxidant among those extracted from tea (usually green tea). Unfortunately, EGCG is unstable, requires a low pH (below 4) to prevent quick degradation, and does not penetrate the skin very well. This is why the full anti-oxidant effect of EGCG is typically not realized when it is added to topical skincare

EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATYL GLUCOSIDE

A synthetic version of green tea polyphenol that helps neutralize free radicals in skin

SACCHAROMYCES POLYPEPTIDES

ETHYL LACTYL RETINOATE

Tretinoin

Bioavailable form of Vitamin A that is the most effective known topical ingredients for reducing wrinkles, improving skin firmness, treating acne, as well as hyperpigmentation. It is not available over-the counter in many countries, including US and UK

ACETYL HEXAPEPTIDE-38

BARLEY SH-OLIGOPEPTIDE-1

ADENOSINE

Might help improve cell turnover and reduce inflammation in skin. One study shows that the ingredients might be able to stimulate collagen production in skin

SALICYLOYL PHYTOSPHINGOSINE

Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Might have anti-aging benefits but solid study data is lacking

FERRIC HEXAPEPTIDE-35

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

FERULIC ACID

A potent anti-oxidant that has been shown to be effective in neutralizing free radicals in skin. There seem to have a synergetic effect of ferulic acid, vitamin E and C, meaning that when the ingredients are used together, they enhance each other's ability protect the skin against free radicals. Ferulic acid also helps to stabilize other ingredients - including vitamins C and E. It can help to even out the skin tone. Ferulic acid is approved for use as a sunscreen ingredient in Japan in concentrations up to 10%

FERULOYL OLIGOPEPTIDE-33

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

FOLIC ACID

Can help stimulate collagen production in skin. While available studies are promising, more research is needed to confirm the efficacy in skin

SERINE

An amino-acid that helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin. In combination with other amino-acids, might help to reduce fine lines and wrinkles

ADENOSINE PHOSPHATE

Might help improve cell turnover and reduce inflammation in skin. One study shows that the ingredients might be able to stimulate collagen production in skin

SH-DECAPEPTIDE-7

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

ADAPALENE

A retinoid that is effective against acne and keratosis pilaris. It can also help reduce signs of aging (fine lines, wrinkles, loss of elasticity) and can improve skin tone

SH-OCTAPEPTIDE-4

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

SH-OLIGOPEPTIDE-1

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

SH-OLIGOPEPTIDE-2

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE

SH-OLIGOPEPTIDE-33

GALACTOMYCES FERMENT FILTRATE

A yeast ferment filtrate (also known as Pitera - a trademarked name for the filtrate reserved by the SK-II brand). It helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin, can help neutralize antioxidants and can be helpful in evening out the skin tone. It might be somewhat helpful in preventing premature skin aging but solid evidence is lacking. A small manufacturer study also shows that, when used in high concentrations, it can help reduce sebum production and help against blocked pores

SH-OLIGOPEPTIDE-9

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

SH-PENTAPEPTIDE-19

SH-POLYPEPTIDE-1

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

SH-POLYPEPTIDE-11

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

SH-POLYPEPTIDE-16

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

SH-POLYPEPTIDE-17

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

SH-POLYPEPTIDE-2

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

GARDENIA JASMINOIDES MERISTEM CELL CULTURE

A stem cell extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin

SH-POLYPEPTIDE-22

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

SH-POLYPEPTIDE-3

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

SH-POLYPEPTIDE-45

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

URSOLIC ACID

SH-POLYPEPTIDE-59

BIOTINOYL TRIPEPTIDE-1

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

SH-POLYPEPTIDE-7

GLUCONIC ACID

A polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that helps shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. Is believed to be genter than AHAs. It helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and can stimulate production of skin's own hyaluronic acid resulting in imporved hydration levels. It has been shown to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Might help reduce fine lines and wrinkles and improve skin tone with long-term application. Can help neutralize free radicals

SH-POLYPEPTIDE-8

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

SH-POLYPEPTIDE-9

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

GLUCONOLACTONE

A polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that helps shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. Is believed to be genter than AHAs. It helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and can stimulate production of skin's own hyaluronic acid resulting in improved hydration levels. It has been shown to be helpful against acne and clogged pores if used consistently (e.g over a period of 12 weeks) in high enough concentration. It can help reduce fine lines and wrinkles and improve skin tone with long-term application. Can help neutralize free radicals

ACETYL HEXAPEPTIDE-49

BIS-RETINAMIDO METHYLPENTANE

BIS-RETINOYL GEROTINE BIS-HYDROXYSUCCINIMIDE

THERMUS THERMOPHILLUS FERMENT

Might be helpful in neutralising free radicals in skin and have some hydration properties

SODIUM ASCORBYL PHOSPHATE

A stable derivative of vitamin C. It is oil-soluble which means it is more likely to penetrate the skin compared to the pure form of vitamin C (which is water-soluble), but it is less bio-available and is way less effective in stimulating collagen and reducing wrinkles compared to the pure form of vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) and its other derivatives (for example, magnesium ascorbyl phosphate). At the same time, this vitamin C derivative has been shown in studies to be effective in reducing acne, blemishes and clogged pores. It is less irritating then the pure form of vitamin C

GLUTAMYLAMIDOETHYL IMIDAZOLE

A peptide that is claimed to be helpful in supporting vitamin D production in skin but evidence is lacking

OLIGOPEPTIDES

SODIUM SALICYLATE

The salt of salicylic acid. Helps exfoliate the upper layer of the skin. Can also work to preserve cosmetic products

GLYCINE SOJA PROTEIN

A plant extract that helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin and soften it. It might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals. It might be somewhat helpful for evening out the skin tone. It might be able to support elastin production but solid research is lacking

GLYCINE SOJA SEED EXTRACT

An emollient that helps soften the skin. Might be somewhat helpful in evening the skin tone.

BUTYROSPERMUM PARKII BUTTER

A great moisturising ingredient that softens the skin and reduces water loss from its upper layer. It also can be helpful in protecting skin from free radicals

TETRAPEPTIDE-7

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

ACETYL DIPEPTIDE-1 CETYL ESTER

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

ALANYL GLUTAMINE

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

TETRADECYL AMINOBUTYROYLVALYLAMINOBUTYRIC UREA TRIFLUOROACETATE

A peptide. It helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin, support skin's barrier function and might have some slight anti-aging effect through stimulating skin's own production of hyaluronic acid

TETRAHEXYLDECYL ASCORBATE

Being a lipid soluble form of vitamin C, it is more stable. It is claimed to penetrate skin better than pure vitamin C and have the the similar benefits, but solid studies of its effectiveness are lacking. Is likely to require a higher concentration in a product than pure vitamin C to be effective.

TETRAPEPTIDE-14

TETRAPEPTIDE-21

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

TETRAPEPTIDE-23

TETRAPEPTIDE-30

TETRAPEPTIDE-36

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

TETRAPEPTIDE-38

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

TETRAPEPTIDE-40

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

TETRAPEPTIDE-5

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

HEPTAPEPTIDE-15 PALMITATE

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

ACETYL HEXAPEPTIDE-7

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

HEXANOYL DIPEPTIDE-3 NORLEUCINE ACETATE

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

HEXAPEPTIDE-11

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

HEXAPEPTIDE-2

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

HEXAPEPTIDE-3

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

HEXAPEPTIDE-33

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

HEXAPEPTIDE-42

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

HEXAPEPTIDE-48 HCL

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

HEXAPEPTIDE-9

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

CAMELLIA SINENSIS CATECHINS

A group of chemical compounds extracted from Green Tea. They can help neutralize free radicals in skin. Might be able to help repair sun damage and clam down inflammation in skin

CAMELLIA SINENSIS LEAF

Green tea leaf powder that might contain antioxidants to help neutralize free radicals in skin

CAMELLIA SINENSIS LEAF EXTRACT

Can contain potent anti-oxidant compounds (abbreviated ECG, GCG, EGC, and EGCG) that might help protect the skin from free radicals. Can help calm down inflammation and has some anti-bacterial properties. Unfortunately, these antioxidants are unstable and lose their effectiveness very quickly in products. The concentration of the antioxidant compounds in the extract also tends to be low to be effective in topical formulation

HYALURONIC ACID

One of the best moisturizing ingredients. Attracts water into the upper layer of the skin. Naturally present in skin. Typically has large molecule size unless advertised otherwise on the product label. Helps support skin's barrier function and may help to reduce inflammation

ACETYL HEXAPEPTIDE-8

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

CAMELLIA SINENSIS SEED OIL

A plant oil that helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and can help restore the skin barrier. Might have some anti-oxidant effect

ZINC PCA

A compound that combines zinc with a hydrating ingredient PCA. Might to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Can help calm down inflammation in skin. Could be helpful in reducing the formation of free radicals in skin. Might help to reduce fine lines in wrinkles, but solid evidence is missing

3-GLYCERYL ASCORBATE

A moisturizing vitamin C derivative. It is considered to be one of the most stable ones. It is effective in neutralizing free radicals and can help to even out the skin tone if used in high enough concentration

ZINC PALMITOYL NONAPEPTIDE-14

HYDROXYDECYL UBIQUINONE

An analogue of coenzyme Q10 that has a lower molecular weight, which can improve its ability to penetrate the skin. It helps neutralize free radicals in skin, improves skin hydration and might be helpful agains fine lines and wrinkles. It can be an allergen

ZINC GLUCONATE

Typically used to stabilize the product formulations. It is a salt of a polyhydroxy acid (PHA) and in larger concentrations, can help shed the dead cells from the skin surface revealing smoother skin. It can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Might to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Could be helpful in neutralizing free radicals, but solid research is missing. Due to the zinc content, might help calm down inflammation in skin

HYDROXYDECYL UBIQUINOYL DIPALMITOYL GLYCERATE

Idebenone complex. Helps neutralize free radicals in skin

ACETYL FARNESYLCYSTEINE

A synthetic amino-acid that might help calm down inflammation in skin and reduce its irritation, but conclusive studies are not available at the moment. It can help to attract water to the upper layer of the skin and support skin barrier

HYDROXYPINACOLONE RETINOATE

A derivative of the most potent form of vitamin A, retinoic acid. The ingredient can be sold under name Granactive Retinoid. Note that if a skincare brand discloses the concentration of Granactive Retinoid in a product, the concentration refers to a diluted form of Hydroxypinacolone Retinoate: 1% of Granactive Retinoid corresponds to 0.1% of Hydroxypinacolone Retinoate. Hydroxypinacolone Retinoate (HPR) is a unique derivative of retinoic acid because it can directly work in the skin and does not require additional conversion steps. According to studies done by the manufacturer on models of human skin (not real people), this derivative is more effective than other cosmetic versions of retinoids (such as retinol, retinaldehyde, and retinyl palmitate), and, at the same time, causes less irritation. It has been also demonstrated to be more stable than retinol which makes formulating with easier and increases the chances that a product with it will maintain its effectiveness after opening. The packaging should still ideally be air-tight. HPR is available over the counter in the EU, UK, Asia, Australia and New Zealand, but is only with a prescription in Canada.

UBIQUINONE

Coenzyme Q10. It helps neutralize free radicals in skin, improves skin hydration and might be helpful agains fine lines and wrinkles. It can be an allergen

HUMAN ADIPOSE DERIVED STEM CELL CONDITIONED MEDIA

A stem cell extract. There is no evidence that it is effective when applied topically to the skin

ILEX PARAGUARIENSIS LEAF EXTRACT

A plant extract that can help neutralize free radicals in skin. Can contain fragrand compounds like linalool that can be irritating

ACETYL OCTAPEPTIDE-3

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

CAPROOYL TETRAPEPTIDE-3

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

ACETYL GLUCOSAMINE

An effective moisturizing ingredient that also has been shown to be effective in evening out the skin tone and reducing hyperpigmentation. It can help somewhat reduce wrinkles in skin

ISOQUERCITRIN

Antioxidant that might help reduce free radicals and reduce melanin production, but more research is needed to understand if it is effective in skin

CARNOSINE

A type of peptide. It attracts water to the upper layer of the skin. It can help neutralize free radicals in skin combatting the sun damage

ACETYL SH-HEPTAPEPTIDE-1

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

TROLOXOYL OLIGOPEPTIDE-33

AMINOBUTYRIC ACID

Has been shown to support wound healing and skin barrier function when used topically in rats. Is likely to be effective in supporting skin's hydration and barrier function, but research for human skin is missing. Might have some anti-aging properties but the research is missing

LACTIC ACID

An exfoliating and moisturizing alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA). Typically causes less irritation than other AHAs, for example, glycolic acid. At high concentrations (about 15%), lactic acid can help reduce lines and wrinkles. Recent studies show that lactic acid can support the "good" bacteria living on skin's surface (healthy skin microbiom)

TRIPEPTIDE-32

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

TRIPEPTIDE-3

AMINOPROPYL ASCORBYL PHOSPHATE

A more stable but less potent derivative of vitamin C. It can help neautralize free radicals and even out the skin tone if used in high enough concentration (required levels are likely to be much higher than for pure vitamin C, and solid studies are lacking at the moment)

LACTOBIONIC ACID

A polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that helps shed dead cells from the surface of the skin revealing a smoother, more even skin. PHAs tend to be gentler on the skin compared to AHAs (for example, glycolic acid). It also has hydrating properties and helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin. It can help calm down inflammation in skin and support restoration of the barrier function. It has an anti-oxidant effect as well. It can help reduce fine line, wrinkles and improve skin elasticity

ZINC CARBONATE

Might be helpful in reducing fine lines in wrinkles, especially if combined with magnesium aluminum silicate and malonic acid

CENTELLA ASIATICA EXTRACT

A plant extract that has been shown to be able to reduce inflammation in skin, support restoration of skin barrier function, as well as support collagen production. Contains active compounds called centelloids: asiaticoside, madecasosside, asiatic acid and madecassic acid. Might be helpful in preventing stretch marks. It can be itself be irritating though.

LAMINARIA SACCHARINA EXTRACT

A seaweed extract that contains sugars and can be helpful in attracting water to the upper layers of the skin if used in high enough concentrations

LAUROYL SH-OLIGOPEPTIDE-33

A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles

CENTELLA ASIATICA LEAF EXTRACT

A plant extract that has been shown to be able to reduce inflammation in skin, support restoration of skin barrier function, as well as support collagen production. It can be irritating to sensitive skin. Might be helpful in preventing stretch marks. It could, however, itself be irritating.