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1
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water/aqua/eau
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Plain old water
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2
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dimethyl isosorbide
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Used to dissolve other ingredients in a product and can enhance their ability to penetrate the skin
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3
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ascorbic acid
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One of the few well researched potent anti-aging ingredients. When it is able to penetrate the skin in an active state, it is effective against fine lines and wrinkles, helps improve skin elasticity and reduce hyperpigmentation. It acts as a powerful anti-oxidant and stimulates collagen production. The main issue with ascorbic acid is that it is highly unstable, in other words, it is losing its effectivenss quickly when exposed to air and light (if a serum or cream containing ascorbic acid has an orange color, it is a likely that the ingredient has oxidized and is no longer active). In addition, it is water-soluble, meaning that it has difficulty pentrating the skin. It is also quite irritating, and can cause stinging. When used in low concentrations, helps stabilize the product formulation
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4
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laureth-23
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Helps oil and water mix together
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5
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glycerin
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One of the best moisturizing ingredients. Naturally present in skin. It attracts water to the upper layer of the skin working as a humectant
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6
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lactobacillus/pumpkin ferment extract
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An enzyme-based exfoliant
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7
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sclerocarya birrea seed oil
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An emollient that helps to soften the skin. Might have some anti-oxidant properties. It might be somewhat helpful against hyperpigmentation
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8
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dipotassium glycyrrhizate
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A salt derived from licorice. Works as an emollient to soften the upper layer of the skin and can help calm down inflammation. Might be helpful for skin lightening
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9
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glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) root extract
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A plant extract that can help lighten the skin and calm down inflammation. Might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals
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10
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vitis vinifera (grape) juice extract
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Contains AHAs that exfoliate the upper layer of the skin. Can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin due to the sugar content
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11
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phyllanthus emblica fruit extract
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A plant extract that might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals and have a skin lightening effect if used in high enough concentrations
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12
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camellia sinensis leaf extract
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Can contain potent anti-oxidant compounds and help protect the skin from free radicals. Can help calm down inflammation and has some anti-bacterial properties
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13
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tocopherol
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Pure form of vitamin E. Can help moisturise and protect the skin from free radicals. Often used to help stabilise other ingredients or the formula itself
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14
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lactobacillus/punica granatum fruit ferment extract
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An enzyme-based exfoliant
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15
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sodium hyaluronate crosspolymer
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Attracts water into the upper layer of the skin
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16
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hydrolyzed quinoa
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Might help to attract water to the upper layer of the skin
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17
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phytosterols
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Lipids that work as an emollient and can be helpful in repairing skin barrier function
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18
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glutamylamidoethyl imidazole
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A peptide that is claimed to be helpful in supporting vitamin D production in skin but evidence is lacking
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19
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hydrolyzed wheat protein
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Can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Avoid if sensitive to gluten
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20
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ferulic acid
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A potent anti-oxidant that has been shown to be effective in neutralizing free radicals in skin. There seem to have a synergetic effect of ferulic acid, vitamin E and C, meaning that when the ingredients are used together, they enhance each other's ability protect the skin against free radicals. Ferulic acid also helps to stabilize other ingredients - including vitamins C and E. It can help to even out the skin tone. Ferulic acid is approved for use as a sunscreen ingredient in Japan in concentrations up to 10%
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21
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acetyl glucosamine
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An effective moisturizing ingredient that also has been shown to be effective in evening out the skin tone and reducing hyperpigmentation. It can help somewhat reduce wrinkles in skin
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22
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sodium hyaluronate
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One of the best moisturizing ingredients. Attracts water into the upper layer of the skin
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23
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tetrahydrobisdemethoxydiferuloylmethane
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An anti-oxidant derived from curcumin (naturally present in tumeric). It might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals in skin and possibly help even out the skin tone. Can be irritating
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24
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tetrahydrodemethoxydiferuloylmethane
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An anti-oxidant derived from curcumin (naturally present in tumeric). Is a part of the tetrahydrocurcuminoids complex (THC). The complex might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals in skin and possibly help even out the skin tone. Can be irritating
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25
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tetrahydrodiferuloylmethane
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An anti-oxidant derived from curcumin (naturally present in tumeric). Is a part of the tetrahydrocurcuminoids complex (THC). The complex might be helpful in neutralizing free radicals in skin and possibly help even out the skin tone. Can be irritating
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26
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glycine
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Helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin and can help restore the skin barrier function
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27
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leuconostoc/radish root ferment filtrate
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A preservative that comes from radishes fermented by a bacteria. New research suggests that the preservation properties in the ingredient come from an ammonium salt that is not present naturally in radish root but used in its cultivation. Is problematic because the exact amount of the preservative agents is difficult to determine
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28
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sucrose
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Can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin. In crystal form, it can work as a gentle exfoliant, gentler than the salt scrub. Helps stabilize the emulsion
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29
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maltodextrin
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Used to stabilize the product formulation and can help absorb oil
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30
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chondrus crispus extract
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Red algae extract that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and create a nicer product consistency
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31
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hydroxyethyl acrylate/sodium acryloyldimethyl taurate copolymer
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A gelling agent that thickens the product consistency and leaves the skin with a velvety finish
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32
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isohexadecane
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Improves the texture of the product and helps soften the skin. Helps oil and water mix together and can be used as a cleansing agent
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33
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phenoxyethanol
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A preservative. It helps prevent bacterial growth in cosmetic products
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34
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caprylhydroxamic acid
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A preservative
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35
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caprylyl glycol
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Helps preserve products and creates a nice product texture
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36
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sorbitan isostearate
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Helps oil and water mix together
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37
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propanediol
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Acts as a solvent for other ingredients. Speeds up the absorption of other ingredients into the skin
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38
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pentylene glycol
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Used to preserve products, dissolve other ingredients and create a nice product texture
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39
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xanthan gum
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Used to create a thicker product consistency
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40
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butylene glycol
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Used to create a nice product texture and help delivery of other ingredients. Might be somewhat helpful in attracting water to the upper layer of the skin
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41
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sodium hydroxide
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Used to adjust the product's pH
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42
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chlorphenesin
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A preservative
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43
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polysorbate 60
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Helps oil and water mix together
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44
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sodium dehydroacetate
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A preservative
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45
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potassium sorbate
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A preservative
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46
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sorbic acid
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A preservative
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47
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ethylhexylglycerin
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A preservative
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