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1
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aqua (water
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Plain old water
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2
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butylene glycol
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Used to create a nice product texture and help delivery of other ingredients. Might be somewhat helpful in attracting water to the upper layer of the skin
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3
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almond oil peg-8 esters
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4
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olive oil peg-7 esters
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5
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peg-40 hydrogenated castor oil
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Helps oil and water mix together
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6
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glycerin
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One of the best moisturizing ingredients. Naturally present in skin. It attracts water to the upper layer of the skin working as a humectant
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7
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benzyl alcohol
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A preservative. Can be used to mask unpleasant smell. Can be irritating
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8
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parfum (fragrance
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An aromatic blend of unspecified irritating ingredients
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9
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phenoxyethanol
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A preservative. It helps prevent bacterial growth in cosmetic products
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10
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disodium edta
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Stabilizes the product formulation
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11
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tocopheryl acetate
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A more stable but less bio-available form of vitamin E compared to Tocopherol. Might help moisturize and protect the skin from free radicals, but mostly used in low concentrations to stabilize other ingredients.
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12
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dehydroacetic acid
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A preservative
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13
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benzyl salicylate
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A fragrance. Is a likely irritant
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14
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ascorbyl glucoside
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A vitamin C derivative that is more stable but less potent than pure form of vitamin C. Has a potential to boost collagen production, nutralise free radicals and reduce hyperpigmentation, but the required concentration is likely to be much higher than for the pure form of vitamin C, limiting the ingredient's effectiveness in products
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15
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olea europaea (olive) fruit extract
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An emollient that helps soften the skin but is not effective for restoring its barrier function. Might be helpful to calm down inflammation
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16
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zinc pca
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A compound that combines zinc with a hydrating ingredient PCA. Might to be helpful against acne and clogged pores. Can help calm down inflammation in skin. Could be helpful in reducing the formation of free radicals in skin. Might help to reduce fine lines in wrinkles, but solid evidence is missing
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17
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hexyl cinnamal
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A fragrance with jasmine smell. A likely irritant
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18
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limonene
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A common frangrance that can easily irritate skin, especially if exposed to air, light or heat
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19
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ethylhexylglycerin
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A preservative
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20
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ascorbic acid
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One of the few well researched potent anti-aging ingredients. When it is able to penetrate the skin in an active state, it is effective against fine lines and wrinkles, helps improve skin elasticity and reduce hyperpigmentation. It acts as a powerful anti-oxidant and stimulates collagen production. The main issue with ascorbic acid is that it is highly unstable, in other words, it is losing its effectivenss quickly when exposed to air and light (if a serum or cream containing ascorbic acid has an orange color, it is a likely that the ingredient has oxidized and is no longer active). In addition, it is water-soluble, meaning that it has difficulty pentrating the skin. It is also quite irritating, and can cause stinging. When used in low concentrations, helps stabilize the product formulation
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21
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citronellol
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A fragrance. Can be irritating
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22
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linalool
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A fragrance. Can be irritating
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