| 1 |
aqua / water
| Plain old water |
| 2 |
butylene glycol
| Used to create a nice product texture and help delivery of other ingredients. Might be somewhat helpful in attracting water to the upper layer of the skin |
| 3 |
niacinamide
| Is proven to be effective in reducing blemishes, evening out skin tone and helping to improve lines and wrinkles. It helps the skin to repair sun damage, calm down inflammation and keep maintain good levels of moisture |
| 4 |
hydroxyethylpiperazine ethane sulfonic acid
| Used to regulate product's pH |
| 5 |
glycerin
| One of the best moisturizing ingredients. Naturally present in skin. It attracts water to the upper layer of the skin working as a humectant |
| 6 |
hydroxyethyl urea
| A derivative of urea, a compound that is naturally present in skin. Attracts water to the upper layer of the skin. Can enhance penetration of other ingredients |
| 7 |
propylene glycol
| Helps oil and water mix together and can enhance the penetration of other ingredients into the skin |
| 8 |
tranexamic acid
| An amino acid that is effective in reducing hyperpigmentation and evening out the skin tone |
| 9 |
phenoxyethanol
| A preservative. It helps prevent bacterial growth in cosmetic products |
| 10 |
caprylyl glycol
| Helps preserve products and creates a nice product texture |
| 11 |
allantoin
| Helps calm down inflammation in skin and can help reduce itching. Helps to repair the skin barrier and keep skin hydrated |
| 12 |
chlorphenesin
| A preservative |
| 13 |
xanthan gum
| Used to create a thicker product consistency |
| 14 |
disodium edta
| Stabilizes the product formulation |
