The first type is called “humectants”:
these ingredients help attract water. When humectants are on the surface of the skin, they “pull in” the moisture from the outside environment, or from within deeper layers of the skin. The following ingredients in this product do the job: algae extract, betaine.

This product also contains ingredients called “occlusives”. They help reduce the speed with which our skin loses moisture to the outside environment. These ingredients also help soften the upper layer of the skin, so it feels less tight and nicer to the touch. The following ingredients in this product do the job: plukenetia volubilis seed oil, algae extract.

plukenetia volubilis seed oil 1.5% - 2.2%

Irritation risk:

Concentration: Effectiveness: HIGH

A plant oil that works as a good moisturizer by softening the upper layer of the skin. Might be helpful in reducing inflammation in skin and reducing blemishes due to the large content of linoleic acid

betaine 2.6% - 4%

Irritation risk:

Concentration: Effectiveness: HIGH

Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and improves the product texture

glycerin 3.4% - 5.1%

Irritation risk:

Concentration: Effectiveness: HIGH

One of the best moisturizing ingredients. Naturally present in skin. It attracts water to the upper layer of the skin working as a humectant

Anti-aging

What does the product description say?

Lift & Firm Intensive Eye Serum

Source: From product name

Effective ingredients missing or their concentration is too low.

algae extract 0.35% - 0.85%

Irritation risk: Comedogenicity: High

Concentration: Effectiveness: LOW

Plant extract that helps the skin to attract water and make it more smooth for touch. Also shows promise of anti-aging properties, but research is not extensive yet

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Ingredients & concentrations

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Key Actives

oenothera biennis oil 1.7% - 2.6%

Irritation risk:

Works for: Moisturizing, Anti-oxidation, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-blemish

Helps soften the upper layer of the skin and can support skin barrier function

prunus armeniaca kernel oil 4.6% - 6.9%

Irritation risk:

Works for: Moisturizing, Anti-oxidation

An emollient that helps soften the skin

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Potential irritants

pullulan 0.4% - 1%

Irritation risk:

Works for: Mattifying

Creates a thin drying film on the skin resulting in a short-term tightening effect

rosa damascena flower oil 0.15% - 0.55%

Irritation risk:

Works for: Moisturizing

Used as a fragrance. Can be irritating

Comodogenic ingredients

algae extract 0.35% - 0.85%

Irritation risk: Comedogenicity: High

Works for: Moisturizing, Anti-aging

Plant extract that helps the skin to attract water and make it more smooth for touch. Also shows promise of anti-aging properties, but research is not extensive yet

chondrus crispus extract 0.05% - 0.15%

Irritation risk: Comedogenicity: High

Works for: Moisturizing

Red algae extract that helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and create a nicer product consistency

All ingredients

water 40% - 60%

Irritation risk:

Plain old water

prunus armeniaca kernel oil 4.6% - 6.9%

Irritation risk:

Works for: Moisturizing, Anti-oxidation

An emollient that helps soften the skin

glycerin 3.4% - 5.1%

Irritation risk:

Works for: Moisturizing

One of the best moisturizing ingredients. Naturally present in skin. It attracts water to the upper layer of the skin working as a humectant

Ingredient list view

Water, Prunus armeniaca kernel oil, Glycerin, Betaine, Phenoxyethanol, Oenothera biennis oil, Plukenetia volubilis seed oil, Rosa canina fruit oil, Sorbitol, Inulin lauryl carbamate, Pentylene glycol, Xanthan gum, Pullulan, Saccharomyces cerevisiae extract, Sodium pca, Avena sativa kernel extract, Caprylyl glycol, Algae extract, Sodium lactate, Ethylhexylglycerin, Benzoic acid, Dehydroacetic acid, Rosa damascena flower oil, Sodium hydroxide, Rhodiola rosea root extract, Potassium sorbate, Sodium benzoate, Glucose, Citronellol, Geraniol, Phytic acid, Chondrus crispus extract

	ESPA - Lift & Firm Intensive Eye Serum	Stoer Skincare - Energising Eye Serum	Thalgo - Men Anti-Fatigue Serum for Eyes	Epionce - Luminous Eye Serum	Dermalogica - biolumin-c eye serum - deluxe	CODAGE - Serum No.11 Eye Contour Anti-Aging Supreme Serum	ADVANCED CLINICALS - Puffy Eye Serum	Elizabeth Grant - Miracle 02 Eye Serum	Elizabeth Arden - PREVAGE Anti-Aging Eye Serum	Revaleskin - Eye Serum	skinChemists - Dr H Hyaluronic Acid Anti Ageing Eye Serum
Price
WIMJ similarity score		40%	38%	36%	36%	36%	36%	36%	36%	36%	35%
Key ingredients	algae extract betaine +10 more	Common: glycerin pullulan +2 more Other: copper palmitoyl heptapeptide-14 heptapeptide-15 palmitate +3 more	Common: algae extract glycerin +1 more Other:	Common: glycerin pullulan +2 more Other: acetyl tetrapeptide-5 lactic acid +7 more	Common: sodium pca betaine +1 more Other: gluconolactone aminopropyl ascorbyl phosphate +13 more	Common: saccharomyces cerevisiae extract betaine +1 more Other: acetyl dipeptide-1 cetyl ester acetyl tetrapeptide-5 +14 more	Common: glycerin sodium pca +1 more Other: ferulic acid acetyl hexapeptide-8 +6 more	Common: glycerin sodium lactate +2 more Other: heptapeptide-15 palmitate palmitoyl tetrapeptide-7 +20 more	Common: glycerin algae extract +1 more Other: acetyl tetrapeptide-5 urea +12 more	Common: glycerin pullulan +2 more Other: panthenol palmitoyl tetrapeptide-7 +14 more	Common: betaine saccharomyces cerevisiae extract +2 more Other: retinyl palmitate urea +10 more
Irritancy	IRRITANCY HIGH	IRRITANCY MEDIUM	IRRITANCY LOW	IRRITANCY MEDIUM	IRRITANCY MEDIUM	IRRITANCY MEDIUM	IRRITANCY MEDIUM	IRRITANCY MEDIUM	IRRITANCY MEDIUM	IRRITANCY MEDIUM	IRRITANCY MEDIUM
Potential Irritants	geraniol Has skin benefit? citronellol Has skin benefit? +14 more	phenylpropanol Has skin benefit? menthol Has skin benefit? +14 more	centaurea cyanus flower extract Has skin benefit? potassium sorbate Has skin benefit? +3 more	pullulan Has skin benefit? citrus aurantium dulcis peel extract Has skin benefit? +15 more	limonene Has skin benefit? citrus grandis peel oil Has skin benefit? +15 more	salicylic acid Has skin benefit? benzyl alcohol Has skin benefit? +28 more	panax ginseng root extract Has skin benefit? rosa damascena flower extract Has skin benefit? +15 more	ci 19140 Has skin benefit? propylene glycol Has skin benefit? +20 more	ci 19140 Has skin benefit? ci 16035 Has skin benefit? +17 more	curcuma longa root extract Has skin benefit? n-hydroxysuccinimide Has skin benefit? +15 more	ascorbic acid Has skin benefit? retinyl palmitate Has skin benefit? +9 more
All ingredients	water Has skin benefit? prunus armeniaca kernel oil Has skin benefit? +30 more	water Has skin benefit? coconut alkanes Has skin benefit? +45 more	water Has skin benefit? peg-8 dimethicone Has skin benefit? +14 more	water Has skin benefit? propanediol Has skin benefit? +48 more	water Has skin benefit? butylene glycol Has skin benefit? +53 more	water Has skin benefit? butylene glycol Has skin benefit? +73 more	water Has skin benefit? glycerin Has skin benefit? +35 more	water Has skin benefit? glycerin Has skin benefit? +73 more	cyclopentasiloxane Has skin benefit? water Has skin benefit? +62 more	water Has skin benefit? saccharomyces ferment Has skin benefit? +48 more	water Has skin benefit? cetyl alcohol Has skin benefit? +32 more

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ESPA Lift & Firm Intensive Eye Serum

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Moisturizing

What does the product description say?

Anti-aging

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