Ingredient Dictionary
RETINYL PROPIONATE
Three steps removed from the active form of vitamin A - retinoic acid. To have an effect in the skin, it first needs to be converted twice to become the retinoic acid. This means it is less potent than retinol, but could also be less irritating. Once converted to the retinoic acid in the skin, it helps against all signs of aging, improves skin cell turnover and helps fight blemishes and clogged pores, even thought its potency is not as well established as in case of retinol or retinaldehyde
PORPHYRA UMBILICALIS EXTRACT
An algae extract that can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin. Might have an anti-oxidant effect in skin but evidence is lacking
POLYGLUCURONIC ACID
Often used to support the moisturization effect of polysaccharides (contained, for example, in yeast extract)
PERFLUOROHEXANE
Used in products to help dissolve oxygen and enhance oxygen molecule penetration into the skin. There is no evidence for benefits of the oxygen emulsion in topical creams, lotions or serums. There is a study available confirming a positive impact of oxygen therapy for skin wound healing, but it used an oxygen emulsion stored under high pressure using special equipment
PENTAPEPTIDE-18
A type of peptide. Peptides are excellent moisturizers and might be able support collagen production reducing fine lines and wrinkles