This product contains astaxanthin. This ingredient might be able to help reduce and prevent fine lines and wrinkles, improve skin elasticity and firmness, but there is not enough evidence that it actually works.

Ingredient	Effectiveness	Concentration	Irritancy
astaxanthin	MEDIUM
limnanthes alba seed oil	LOW
tocopherol	LOW

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What does the product description say?

"Protective Day Oil"

From product name

WIMJ summary

This product can help soften the skin and reduce its moisture loss with emollients and occlusives: simmondsia chinensis seed oil, argania spinosa kernel oil.

Keep in mind that this product does not contain effective ingredients to attract water to the upper layer of the skin. This is why an additional product with humectants like glycerin or hyaluronic acid can be helpful (apply it before this product for the best results).

Ingredient	Effectiveness	Concentration	Irritancy
argania spinosa kernel oil	HIGH
borago officinalis seed oil	HIGH
persea gratissima oil	HIGH

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WIMJ summary

This product contains antioxidants (astaxanthin) that can help neutralize free radicals in skin. By doing so, they can lessen the damage the skin gets from the UV light (sun).

The following ingredients - rubus idaeus seed oil also can have an antioxidant effect, but there is less evidence to confirm their effectiveness in skin.

Ingredient	Effectiveness	Concentration	Irritancy
astaxanthin	HIGH
rubus idaeus seed oil	MEDIUM
borago officinalis seed oil	LOW

Potential irritants

IRRITANCY

HIGH

Ingredient	Irritancy	Skin Benefit
simmondsia chinensis seed oil
persea gratissima oil
argania spinosa kernel oil

Ingredients by volume

Ingredient	Estimated concentration
simmondsia chinensis seed oil Softens the upper layer of skin and helps restore the healthy skin barrier. Has shown to help calm down inflammation in skin. It is a stable oil, meaning that it retains its properties even when exposed to air.	25% - 37%
borago officinalis seed oil A plant oil that is effective in reducing irritation in skin, restore the barrier function and support its hydration	4.8% - 7.3%
persea gratissima oil An emollient that helps soften the skin and could be helpful in repairing its barrier function	3.8% - 5.7%
limnanthes alba seed oil This oil's cmposition is closest to rapeseed oil. It is a very stable oil and serves as an emoillient	2.8% - 4.2%
argania spinosa kernel oil An emollient that helps soften the upper layer of the skin. Might have some weak anti-oxidant properties	1.9% - 2.9%
rosa canina flower extract	1.4% - 2.1%
unknown The ingredient is not recognized	TBC
actinidia chinensis seed oil	1.1% - 1.7%
calophyllum inophyllum seed oil	1.1% - 1.7%
olea europaea fruit oil An emollient that helps soften the skin but is not effective for restoring its barrier function. Might be helpful to calm down inflammation	0.9% - 1.35%
salvia hispanica seed oil Chia seed oil. Helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and might be helpful in repairing skin barrier	0.55% - 1.25%
rubus idaeus seed oil A plant oil that might be able to help neutralize free radicals in skin	0.45% - 1.1%
sesamum indicum seed oil A good moisturizing plant oil. Due to the high linoleic acid content, it helps soften the upper layer of the skin, reduce water loss and support skin barrier function	0.4% - 0.9%
sambucus nigra extract	0.2% - 0.7%
tocopherol Pure form of vitamin E. Can help moisturise and protect the skin from free radicals. Often used to help stabilise other ingredients or the formula itself	0.15% - 0.65%
camellia oleifera seed oil An emollient that does not leave a greasy finish	0.2% - 0.7%
punica granatum seed oil Helps soften the upper layer of the skin	0.15% - 0.7%
opuntia ficus-indica seed oil A plant oil that helps soften the upper layer of the skin and can support skin's barrier function due to its high content of linoleic acid. It also has anti-microbial properties	0.15% - 0.65%
astaxanthin Helps neutralize free radicals in skin and might help to calm down inflammation	0.1% - 0.45%
lavandula angustifolia oil An essential oil. Potential allergen and can be irritating. It has some anti-bacterial properties	0.1% - 0.4%
pelargonium graveolens oil Used as a fragrance. Can be irritating	0.05% - 0.25%
docosahexaenoic acid	0.05% - 0.3%
brassica oleracea italica seed oil A plant seed oil that consists mainly of erucic acid and used to help soften the upper layer of the skin. This fatty acid can enhance penetration of other ingredients into the skin but it is not a good moisturizer on its own	0.1% - 0.45%
solanum lycopersicum seed oil A good emollient that helps soften the upper layer of the skin and, due to the high linoleic acid content, can support the skin's barrier function	0.1% - 0.45%
citrus aurantium leaf oil Used as a fragrance	0.05% - 0.15%
helichrysum italicum flower oil	0.05% - 0.15%
rosmarinus officinalis oil	0.05% - 0.2%
myrtus communis oil	0.05% - 0.15%
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