The first type is called “humectants”:
these ingredients help attract water. When humectants are on the surface of the skin, they “pull in” the moisture from the outside environment, or from within deeper layers of the skin. The following ingredients in this product do the job: glycerin, sodium hyaluronate.

This product also contains ingredients called “occlusives”. They help reduce the speed with which our skin loses moisture to the outside environment. These ingredients also help soften the upper layer of the skin, so it feels less tight and nicer to the touch. The following ingredients in this product do the job: butyrospermum parkii butter, helianthus annuus seed oil.

Ingredient	Effectiveness	Concentration	Irritancy
helianthus annuus seed oil	HIGH
butyrospermum parkii butter	HIGH
sodium hyaluronate	HIGH

Potential irritants

IRRITANCY

HIGH

Ingredient	Irritancy	Skin Benefit
aloe barbadensis leaf juice
rosa damascena flower water
malpighia glabra fruit extract

Ingredients by volume

Ingredient	Estimated concentration
aloe barbadensis leaf juice Traditionally used to treat sunburns, dermatitis and inflammation, but evidence for its effectiveness is lacking. The extract can contain humectants that help attract water into the skin	23% - 35%
helianthus annuus seed oil A great emollient due to its high linoleic acid content. One of the most effective plant oils in helping skin hydration and repairing skin barrier function	5% - 7.5%
cetearyl olivate Helps oil and water mix together	3.2% - 4.8%
sorbitan olivate Helps oil and water mix together	3.3% - 4.9%
glycerin One of the best moisturizing ingredients. Naturally present in skin. It attracts water to the upper layer of the skin working as a humectant	2.7% - 4%
butyrospermum parkii butter A great moisturising ingredient that softens the skin and reduces water loss from its upper layer. It also can be helpful in protecting skin from free radicals	2.1% - 3.2%
populus tremuloides bark extract	1.4% - 2.1%
rosa damascena flower water Used to add a nice rose smell to the product. Can be irritating	1.1% - 1.7%
cetyl esters Helps soften upper layer of the skin and can enhance penetration of other ingredients into the upper layer of the skin	1.1% - 1.6%
sodium hyaluronate One of the best moisturizing ingredients. Attracts water into the upper layer of the skin	0.8% - 1.2%
borago officinalis seed extract	0.5% - 1.2%
avena sativa kernel extract An effective moisturizing and skin barrier repair ingredient. Helps calm down inflammation and has some anti-oxidant properties	0.5% - 1.15%
oryza sativa lees extract	0.4% - 0.9%
malpighia glabra fruit extract A plant extract that might help neutralize free radicals in skin, but research on its effectiveness is lacking	0.35% - 0.85%
camellia sinensis leaf extract Can contain potent anti-oxidant compounds (abbreviated ECG, GCG, EGC, and EGCG) that might help protect the skin from free radicals. Can help calm down inflammation and has some anti-bacterial properties. Unfortunately, these antioxidants are unstable and lose their effectiveness very quickly in products. The concentration of the antioxidant compounds in the extract also tends to be low to be effective in topical formulation	0.35% - 0.85%
spirulina platensis extract An algae extract. Might help to attract water to the upper layer of the skin and have an anti-oxidant effect	0.3% - 0.75%
prunus armeniaca fruit extract A fruit extract that might have some antioxidant properties and might help attract water to the skin, but evidence of effectiveness is lacking	0.3% - 0.75%
calophyllum inophyllum seed oil	0.35% - 0.75%
prunus persica extract	0.2% - 0.8%
rosa damascena flower oil Used as a fragrance. Can be irritating	0.15% - 0.65%
tanacetum annuum flower oil An essential oil that has anti-inflammatory properties but also contains irritating compounds	0.15% - 0.65%
anthemis nobilis flower oil An essential oil that is used as a fragrance and can be irritating. It might have some anti-oxidant effect in skin	0.15% - 0.55%
rosmarinus officinalis leaf extract Can be helpful in reducing inflammation in skin. Is a likely irritant	0.1% - 0.45%
levulinic acid Helps stabilize a product formulation	0.1% - 0.45%
sodium levulinate A preservative	0.1% - 0.45%
xanthan gum Used to create a thicker product consistency	0.1% - 0.35%
potassium sorbate A preservative	0.1% - 0.4%
linalool A fragrance. Can be irritating	0.05% - 0.3%
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